普通心理学（英文版，第11版）

罗伯特·费尔德曼，是美国马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校的心理学教授，同时任该校社会与行为科学学院院长。作为学院杰出教师奖的获得者，他所教授的心理学课程的学生人数从15人到500人不等。在长达20多年的大学教师生涯中，除马萨诸塞大学之外，他还曾在芒特霍尤克学院、卫斯理恩大学和弗吉尼亚联邦大学教授本科和研究生课程。
费尔德曼教授是美国心理学会和心理科学协会会员，他从卫斯理恩大学获得学士学位，从威斯康辛大学获得硕士和博士学位。他曾荣获富布赖特资深研究学者和讲师奖，以及卫斯理恩大学的杰出校友奖。他是行为和脑科学联合会（FABBS）的理事会成员之一，也是FABBS基金会的候任主席，该基金会大力支持心理学领域。
他撰写或编写的著作、科学论文数量累计超过150种（篇）。他所撰写的教科书被全世界200多万学生采用，被译成西班牙语、法语、葡萄牙语、荷兰语、德语、意大利语、汉语、韩语、日语等九种语言。他的研究兴趣包括日常生活中的诚实和欺骗行为，他在2009年出版的畅销书《生活中的说谎者》中描述了他的工作。他的研究得到了来自国家精神卫生研究所（NIH）以及国家残障和康复研究所的资助。

C H A P T E R 1 Introduction to Psychology 2
MODULE 1 Psychologists at Work 5
MODULE 2 A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and
the Future 14
MODULE 3 Psychology’s Key Issues and Controversies 22
C H A P T E R 2 Psychological Research 30
MODULE 4 The Scientifi c Method 33
MODULE 5 Conducting Psychological Research 37
MODULE 6 Critical Research Issues 48
C H A P T E R 3 Neuroscience and Behavior 56
MODULE 7 Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior 59
MODULE 8 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System:
Communicating Within the Body 68
MODULE 9 The Brain 76
C H A P T E R 4 Sensation and Perception 94
MODULE 1 0 Sensing the World Around Us 97
MODULE 1 1 Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye 102
MODULE 1 2 Hearing and the Other Senses 112
MODULE 1 3 Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View
of the World 124
C H A P T E R 5 States of Consciousness 138
MODULE 1 4 Sleep and Dreams 141
MODULE 1 5 Hypnosis and Meditation 155
MODULE 1 6 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of
Consciousness 160
C H A P T E R 6 Learning 174
MODULE 1 7 Classical Conditioning 177
MODULE 1 8 Operant Conditioning 185
MODULE 1 9 Cognitive Approaches to Learning 200
C H A P T E R 7 Memory 210
MODULE 2 0 The Foundations of Memory 213
MODULE 2 1 Recalling Long-Term Memories 226
MODULE 2 2 Forgetting: When Memory Fails 236
C H A P T E R 8 Cognition and Language 246
MODULE 2 3 Thinking and Reasoning 249
MODULE 2 4 Problem Solving 258
MODULE 2 5 Language 271
C H A P T E R 9 Intelligence 282
MODULE 2 6 What Is Intelligence? 285
MODULE 2 7 Variations in Intellectual Ability 302
MODULE 2 8 Group Diff erences in Intelligence: Genetic and
Environmental Determinants 307
C H A P T E R 1 0 Motivation and Emotion 314
MODULE 2 9 Explaining Motivation 317
MODULE 3 0 Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and
Be Daring 325
MODULE 3 1 Understanding Emotional Experiences 337
C H A P T E R 1 1 Sexuality and Gender 350
MODULE 3 2 Gender and Sex 353
MODULE 3 3 Understanding Human Sexual Response:
The Facts of Life 366
MODULE 3 4 The Diversity of Sexual Behavior 372
C H A P T E R 1 2 Development 390
MODULE 3 5 Nature and Nurture: The Enduring
Developmental Issue 393
MODULE 3 6 Prenatal Development: Conception to Birth 398
MODULE 3 7 Infancy and Childhood 406
MODULE 3 8 Adolescence: Becoming an Adult 424
MODULE 3 9 Adulthood 434
C H A P T E R 1 3 Personality 448
MODULE 4 0 Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality 451
MODULE 4 1 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and
Humanistic Approaches to Personality 461
MODULE 4 2 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes
Us Distinctive 474
C H A P T E R 1 4 Health Psychology: Stress, Coping,
and Well-Being 484
MODULE 4 3 Stress and Coping 487
MODULE 4 4 Psychological Aspects of Illness and
Well-Being 500
MODULE 4 5 Promoting Health and Wellness 507
C H A P T E R 1 5 Psychological Disorders 516
MODULE 4 6 Normal Versus Abnormal: Making the
Distinction 519
MODULE 4 7 The Major Psychological Disorders 529
MODULE 4 8 Psychological Disorders in Perspective 549
C H A P T E R 1 6 Treatment of Psychological Disorders 558
MODULE 4 9 Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and
Cognitive Approaches to Treatment 561
MODULE 5 0 Psychotherapy: Humanistic, Interpersonal, and
Group Approaches to Treatment 573
MODULE 5 1 Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to
Treatment 581
C H A P T E R 1 7 Social Psychology 592
MODULE 5 2 Attitudes and Social Cognition 595
MODULE 5 3 Social Infl uence and Groups 607
MODULE 5 4 Prejudice and Discrimination 615
MODULE 5 5 Positive and Negative Social Behavior 621
A P P E N D I X Going by the Numbers:
Statistics in Psychology 634
MODULE 5 6 Descriptive Statistics 637
MODULE 5 7 Measures of Variability 643
MODULE 5 8 Using Statistics to Answer Questions: Inferential
Statistics and Correlation 647

Psychologists at Work
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The simplicity of this definition is in some ways deceiving, concealing ongoing debates about how broad the scope of psychology should be. Should psychologists limit themselves to the study of outward, observable behavior? Is it possible to study thinking scientifically? Should the field encompass the study of such diverse topics as physical and mental health, perception, dreaming, and motivation? Is it appropriate to focus solely on human behavior, or should the behavior of other species be included?
Most psychologists would argue that the field should be receptive to a variety of viewpoints and approaches. Consequently, the phrase behavior and mental processes in the definition of psychology must be understood to mean many things: It encompasses not just what people do but also their thoughts, emotions, perceptions, reasoning processes, memories, and even the biological activities that maintain bodily functioning.
Psychologists try to describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes, as well as helping to change and improve the lives of people and the world in which they live. They use scientific methods to find answers that are far more valid and legitimate than those resulting from intuition and speculation, which are often inaccurate (see Figure 1).
The Subfields of Psychology: Psychology’s Family Tree
As the study of psychology has grown, it has given rise to a number of subfields (described in Figure 2). The subfields of psychology can be likened to an extended family, with assorted nieces and nephews, aunts and uncles, and cousins who, although they may not interact on a day-to-day basis, are related to one another, because they share a common goal: understanding behavior. One way to identify the key subfields is to look at some of the basic questions about behavior that they address.
WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR?
In the most fundamental sense, people are biological organisms. Behavioral neuroscience is the subfield of psychology that mainly examines how the brain and the nervous system—but other biological processes as well—determine behavior. Thus, neuroscientists consider how our bodies influence our behavior. For example, they may examine the link between specific sites in the brain and the muscular tremors of people affected by Parkinson’s disease or attempt to determine how our emotions are related to physical sensations. Behavioral neuroscientists might want to know what physiological changes occurred as movie patrons in the theater where Batman was showing realized they were being shot at.
HOW DO PEOPLE SENSE, PERCEIVE, LEARN, AND THINK ABOUT THE WORLD?
If you have ever wondered why you are susceptible to optical illusions, how your body registers pain, or how to make the most of your study time, an experimental psychologist can answer your questions. Experimental psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world. (The term experimental psychologist is somewhat misleading: Psychologists in every specialty area use experimental techniques.)
Several subspecialties of experimental psychology have become specialties in their own right. One is cognitive psychology , which focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language. For example, a cognitive psychologist might be interested in what the survivors of the Batman theater shooting remembered later about their experience.
WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF CHANGE AND STABILITY IN BEHAVIOR ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN?
A baby producing her first smile . . . taking his first step . . . saying its first word. These universal milestones in development are also singularly special and unique for each person. Developmental psychology studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death. Personality psychology focuses on the consistency in people’s behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another.
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