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從農業經濟實用角度切入
了解植物學原理,控制植物生長


柵狀組織、鬚根、乙烯、光週期性……115個關鍵字,進入植物學的世界!

植物學並不是一門枯燥的學問,從農業經濟學「利用」的角度切入,首先了解植物生存的機制,進而利用這些機制,轉而控制植物的生長,研究植物栽培的技術,呈現最新植物工廠科技。

植物學入門的第一本書,帶你走入植物奇妙的世界!

目錄

前言
1 向「植物的成長」學習
Section 1 向植物幼苗學習
1-1 「子葉」與「根」
1-2 「細胞」的發現與「細胞學說」
1-3 沒有骨骼卻能站立「細胞壁」
1-4 葉子綠色物質的真面目「葉綠素」
1-5 葉子的「吸收光譜」
1-6 幼苗的「向性」
1-7 根的「正向重性(正向地性)」
1-8 使莖粗壯的「乙烯」
1-9 受到「接觸刺激」會開出漂亮的花
Section 2 植物生長的特性
1-10 「導管」與「篩管」
1-11 水分藉由「根壓」、「蒸散」、「內聚力」向上運輸
1-12 莖的「徒長」受「光敏素」調控
1-13 「向光素」感應藍光
1-14 讓身體再生的「頂芽優勢」
COLUMN 1 先有種子還是先有植物?

2 向「光合作用」學習
Section1 認識光合作用
2-1 「光合作用」是什麼?
2-2 光合作用的「光反應曲線」
2-3 葉子的「柵狀組織」和「海綿組織」
2-4 妨礙二氧化碳吸收的「葉子界面層」
2-5 「溫室效應」與光合作用
2-6 進行光合作用的「葉綠體」
2-7 光合作用的「作用光譜」是什麼是什麼?
2-8 綠光的「繞道效應」
Section2 以光合作用機制來區分植物類型
2-9 光合作用的「限制因子」是二氧化碳
2-10 「C3植物」與「C4植物」
2-11 在晚上吸收二氧化碳的CAM型植物
2-12 「需水量」是什麼?
COLUMN 2 「芽菜」是什麼?

3 向「花朵」學習
3-1 從「營養生長」轉換為「生殖生長」
3-2 「晝長」反應
3-3 「光照處理」是什麼?
3-4 「光週期性」的發現
3-5「臨界夜長」精確度到15分鐘
3-6 「光中斷」是什麼?
3-7 產生花苞的「開花激素(開花荷爾蒙)」
3-8 控制開花的幕後推手「FT蛋白」
3-9 低溫促進「春化作用」
3-10 「抽薹」是什麼?
3-11 綻放花朵「吉貝素」和「乙烯」
3-12 形成花朵的「ABC模式」是什麼?
3-13 A、B、C基因群的突變
Section2 開花
3-14 花鐘與花的開閉運動
3-15 花苞的「傾性」與「生理時鐘」
3-16 花朵色彩「花色素苷」與「類胡蘿蔔素」
3-17 「自由基」與「抗氧化物」
3-18 透明無色的色素:「黃酮」與「黃酮醇」
COLUMN 3 吉貝素的發現

4 向「果實」學習
Section 1 從授粉到受精
4-1 「無性生殖」與「有性生殖」
4-2 「雌雄同株」與「雌雄異株」
4-3 花粉長出「花粉管」
4-4 引導花粉管的「輔細胞」
4-5 「雙重受精」是什麼?
4-6 「有胚乳種子」與「無胚乳種子」
4-7 「自交不親和性」與「人工授粉」
4-8 「嫁接」是什麼?
Section 2 果實與種子的形成
4-9 促進果實成熟的「乙烯」
4-10 變成「無籽」的「三倍體」
4-11 「單性結果(單性結實)」是什麼?
4-12 「四倍體」與「秋水仙素」
4-13 「純品系」與「對偶性狀」
4-14 「孟德爾遺傳法則」是什麼?
4-15 「顯性性狀」與「隱性性狀」的發現
COLUMN 4 維持菠菜新鮮度的存放方式

5 向植物的「生存策略」學習
Section 1 種子與芽的休眠及發芽
5-1 「發芽的3要素」是什麼?
5-2 「休眠」是什麼?
5-3 「光發芽種子」與「暗發芽種子」
5-4 「好光性種子」與「嫌光性種子」
5-5 感光物質:「光敏素」
5-6 「農用銀黑塑膠布」的效果
5-7 過冬的「低溫需求」
5-8 「變溫需求」是什麼?
5-9 「硬實種子」是什麼?
5-10 「去殼種子」是什麼?
5-11 受吉貝素誘導的「澱粉水解酶」
5-12 光敏素與吉貝素的關係是什麼?
5-13 會休眠的「休眠芽」
Section 2 向逆境挑戰
5-14 「地下莖」的蔓生
5-15 忍受寒冬的「簇生化」
5-16 「毒他物質」是什麼?
5-17 「芬多精」是什麼?
5-18 植物具有的「抗菌物質」
5-19 「植物抗菌素」是什麼?
5-20 以「有毒物質」來保護自身
5-21 既是毒也是藥的「秋水仙素」
Section 3 葉子的老化與落葉
5-22 黃葉是「類胡蘿蔔素」的顏色
5-23 楓紅是「花色素苷」的顏色
5-24 「落葉」是什麼?
5-25 「離層」的形成
5-26 「常綠」的機制
5-27 應用「凝固點下降」原理的常綠樹
5-28 「冬季低溫處理」是什麼?
Section 4 多樣化的生存方式
5-29 「食蟲植物」是什麼?
5-30 「蛋白質」是由「胺基酸」串連而成
5-31 「寄生植物」與「附生植物」
5-32 與眾不同的植物「 大王花」
5-33 「腐生植物」是什麼?

索引

各界推薦/推薦序

名人推薦

輔仁大學理工學院生命科學系副教授兼系主任◎蘇睿智 審訂

內容試閱

1-5 葉子「吸收光譜」

葉子在暗處不是綠色的。所以並不是葉子本身會發著綠色的光。當照射到白光,葉子看起來才呈現綠色。

白光是由藍光、綠光、紅光三種顏色的光混合而成。為此,「為什麼葉子是綠色」,這個疑問,可以置換成以下更具體的問法:「為什麼葉子被藍光、綠光、紅光三種顏色的光混合而成的白光照射時,看起來會是綠色?」

葉子裡所含有的葉綠素有一個特性。是「一照白光會積極地吸收裡面的藍光和紅光,但不太吸收綠光」。不被葉綠素吸收的綠光,會被反射回去,或是穿過葉子。

由上方往下觀察照射白光的葉子,此時藍光和紅光會被葉子吸收,不會反射回去。因此不會進入上方觀察者的眼睛裡。所以葉子看起來不是藍色或紅色。相反地,綠光照射到葉子則會反射,進入上方觀察者的眼睛裡。所以葉子看起來是綠色的。

葉子由下往上看也是綠色的。照射葉子的白光裡所含的藍光和紅光,會被葉子吸收,不會向下穿過葉子。所以由下往上看,葉子也不會是藍色或紅色的。

反之,照射到葉子的綠光,有一部份沒有反射回去,而是進入葉子中,穿過葉子內部。因此,由下往上看時,綠光會從葉子跑出來進入觀察者的眼睛,所以葉子看起來是綠色的。說到底,不管由上面看或由下面看,葉子都是綠色的。

1-6 幼苗的「向性」

在照得到太陽的地方,種子一發芽,胚芽一定會向上生長。種子會在某個固定位置長出胚芽。但是,將小小顆的種子播到土裡面時,我們不會去考慮「胚芽會從種子的哪裡長出來?」也不會特意將未來長出胚芽的那個點朝上。

所以種子發芽的時候,長出胚芽的那個點會朝上或朝下不一定。即使如此,胚芽還是一定會向上生長。「為什麼胚芽會向上生長」,覺得很不可思議。

在日本國中小自然科教科書裡提過一個實驗,在全黑的箱子裡放入盆栽,然後在箱子側面鑽開一個小洞,讓光線可以從小洞照進去。箱子裡盆栽的莖桿會彎向光線進來的方向生長(參照1-13節圖)。所以,大家很容易想成「胚芽會向著來自上方的光源,朝上生長」,但事實上並不是這樣。胚芽在完全漆黑的環境下,也會向上生長。舉例來說,豆芽菜種在漆黑的箱子裡面,胚芽還是向上生長。另外,埋在土裡的種子發芽時,莖在完全黑暗的土壤中,仍然會朝土表面向上生長。

不管有沒有光線,胚芽都有分辨上下的能力。做個小實驗:將發芽的幼苗從土裡拔出來,水平橫放在漆黑的環境下。於是,過幾天莖頂會向上彎曲,開始朝上方生長。

然而並不是在任何地方做這個實驗都會得到一樣的結果。當在太空站等宇宙空間做這個實驗時,胚芽不會向上彎曲,只會朝水平方向生長。換句話說,在幾乎沒有重力的地方,胚芽並不會向上生長。

胚芽會感受重力而彎曲向上。重力是地球吸引物體的力量。植物受到刺激而改變生長方向,改變的方向會受到刺激方向所影響,這個特性稱為向性(tropism)。另外,一般說法,習慣將向性的刺激因子,標示在向性這個名詞前面。所以,若重力(地表)為刺激因子的情況,稱為向重性(向地性)(gravitropism)。

胚芽不會朝重力的方向生長,而是朝與重力相反的方向生長。所以會在「向」後面加「負」字,稱此現象為負向重性(負向地性)(negative gravitropism)。

1-11 「根壓」、「蒸散」、「內聚力」運輸水分

世界上最高的樹有115.5公尺高,相當於30多層樓的建築物高度。這棵樹是2006年9月發現於美國紅木國家公園的加洲紅杉。

根所吸收的水分一定要輸送到這麼高的樹木末梢的芽和葉。運輸水分的時候,根部會產生一股力量將水分向上推送,稱為根壓(root pressure)。將植物的莖或樹幹切斷後過一會兒,會有水珠累積在切口上。

在絲瓜生長旺盛的時期將莖部切斷,液體會從切口滲出來。此液體稱為「絲瓜水」,可當化妝水或是止咳藥。光是把莖切斷液體會滲出來的現象,是因為根部將莖部的液體往上推送的緣故。

從這個現象可以知道根部具有將水分向上推送的力量。這是根壓的力量。可是,光靠這股力量,不要說高大的植物了,水分連低矮植物的頂端也到達不了。

因此,葉子會藉由一種蒸散(transpiration)作用,將水以水蒸氣的形式散發至空氣中。所謂蒸散,是指水變成水蒸氣從葉子上的小孔排放出去的現象。葉子上佈有很多小孔,稱為氣孔(stoma)。從葉子蒸散的水分是來自根部所吸收的水,經由莖部中的導管運輸至葉子。導管中充滿著水分沒有氣泡。這樣的狀態下,水分子之間有強烈的鍵結而互相連在一起。這股讓水分子之間有著強烈鍵結的力量稱為內聚力(cohesion)。

導管往下連結至根部,往上連結至葉子的氣孔。導管中的水柱彼此有著強烈的鍵結沒有被氣泡中斷。因此,當水分變成水蒸氣從氣孔排至空氣時,還在導管中的水分會受排出的水分牽引而往上提拉上來。所以,水分從末梢葉子蒸散,底下的水分會上升上來。

這是植物供水至高處的機制。為了供水至地上的莖和枝幹末稍,必須要由葉子進行蒸散作用排出水分。

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欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折
Yami
欣葉
2种选择
欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折

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