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Jingdong book

人格心理学（第5版）

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Jingdong book

人格心理学（第5版）

Name: 人格心理学（第5版）
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116034171
Price: 47.97 USD
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Editer Recommend

心理学领域的各种观点为这个成功的文本提供了组织框架：每一个观点分两章陈述，并设有描述该观点设想和主题的序言。这一新版本介绍了数百条新的新引证，陈述观点也颇具逻辑性，最后以唯一的包含同一领域不同观点的综合章节来结束，非常成功。

Content Description

《人格心理学（第5版）》是重要的心理学入门教材。
在书中，作者沿袭人格心理学的传统，对各家理论兼容并蓄，尤其对涉及人格心理学的基本问题做了详尽阐述，并系统探讨了人格心理学的基本知识，研究领域中的前沿课题，它既展示了当代心理学面貌和丰富材料，也使广大读者对人格心理学有了比较全面和正确的认识，在理解人格心理学理论的同时，促进其自觉应用心理学原理，解决实际问题，真切地感受到人格心理学和现实生活的密切相关，对所学理论有所感悟，提升自己良好的心理素质。
《人格心理学（第5版）》作者十分重视对人格心理学的整体探讨，因此，在文献材料的选择、编排和表述方式上，体现出与其他相类似教材一致的内容广泛、创新开拓和独特见解的格局与特点。书中探讨了人格倾向观点、生物学观点、精神分析观点、新精神分析观点、学习观点、现象学观点以及认知自我调节观点，每种特定观点取恂都涉及人格心理学的基本原理。

Comments

你是否准备好接受卡弗／沙伊尔的新观点？这种写作方式非常好。作者以正确的标准和和谐、谈话的方式来陈述材料。
——彼得·梅因成诺那州立大学

文本中贯穿着最好的事例……卡弗／沙伊尔对于提出主要理论观点做了很好的工作。
——安德烈·泽文伯格北达科他大学

Catalogue

序言
译者序
第一部分导论
第一章人格心理学概述
人格的定义
为什么将人格作为一个概念来使用？
可行的人格定义
人格心理学中的两个基本问题
人格心理学理论
理论有何用处？
理论评价：研究的作用
好的理论需要什么？
人格的观点
理论的分类
各种观点之间有何不同？
另一种“观点”
章节内的组织
人格评鉴
行为问题与行为改变
小结
第二章人格心理学的研究方法
收集信息
信息来源：自我观察与观察他人
纵向研究：个案研究
横向研究：群体研究
构建变量之间的关系
变量之间的相关
两种显著性
推论中的因果关系及其限制
寻找因果关系：实验研究
研究类型
哪种研究类型最好？
多因素研究
多因素研究中的图表理解
小结
第三章人格评鉴中的问题
信息来源
测量的信度
内部一致性
评价者间信度
跨时间的稳定性
测量的效度
构想效度
效标效度
会聚效度
区分效度
表面效度
文化和效度
反应定势和效度缺失
评鉴工具形成的背后两个理由
理性的或理论的方法
实证法
更好的评鉴：永无止境地探索
小结
第二部分人格倾向观点
前言人格倾向观点：主要论点和基本假设
……
第三部分生物学观点
第四部分精神分析观点
第五部分新精神分析观点
第六部分学习论观点
第七部分现象学观点
第八部分认知的自我管理观点
第九部分各种人格观

Book Abstract

因为新的中性反应会在个体的经验中占据主导，所以以下两个事件中至少有一个事件肯定会出现。第一，个体是在与获得原有反应的情境相类似的一种情境下获得了中性反应，因此新的中性反应就会泛化到最初的情境中去。当然个体也可以选择回避最初的情境。所以很多防止原有反应复发的方法都会强调要远离那些与最初情境类似的情境。
举一个具体的例子：吸烟复发的研究。撤销尼古丁并不是戒烟的核心问题（Perkins，1999）。即使吸烟者可以通过其他方式获得尼古丁，复吸率还是高达60% （Kenford et a1.，1994）。类似的，许多停止吸烟的人经过了尼古丁撤销的尾期后还是会重新吸烟（Brandon et a1.，1990）。为什么如此呢？答案是吸烟是在特定的情境下（晚饭后，做爱后，或者社会聚餐上喝酒的时候）所形成的条件反射性的行为。情境本身一直都是吸烟行为的一种辨别刺激，即使对尼古丁的渴望已经消失了很久，这个辨别刺激仍然存在（Carter&Tiffany，1999）。
当今，戒烟计划非常强调要努力使吸烟吸行为对与吸烟有关的情境线索作出消退反应。情境线索单独呈现，不伴有吸烟行为。这种计划期望的是不吸烟的行为能对那些情境线索形成条件反射，因此个体就会抵制吸烟行为的复发。但是，这样的戒烟计划实际上限制了戒烟的成功（Conklin 8L Tiffany，2002）。或许是因为这样的计划使用的是“标准”的吸烟线索，而不是个性化的。因为每个人都有一个独一无二的吸烟史，所以个性化的线索能够更好地提高戒烟成功的概率（Conklin&Tiffany，2001）。工具性条件反射和适应不良行为
另一组问题就与工具性条件反射的概念有关。接下来的论证是源于以下这个观点：行为倾向建立在强化的基础上。更进一步说，就是可以通过阻止行为倾向消退来获得行为倾向。
这个论证是如何应用到问题中去的？想象一种特定的行为或一类行为一如当你没有达到自己目的时你就会发脾气——因你父母的纵容而在你生命中的某个时期得到强化。强化增强了发脾气行为重复出现的倾向。如果得到了足够的强化，并且使用了部分强化的正确模式，那么这一行为就会变得频繁和持久。
多年以后（当你长大以后），你的上述行为就会变得不适宜。而且行为也不会像往常一样经常受到强化，只是人们偶尔会允许这样的行为出现（人们多久才强化一次那些他们希望停止出现的行为呢？这个问题令人感到好奇）。尽管强化是非常罕见的，但是这个行为还是会继续出现（这是由于部分强化效应）。对观察者而言，这样的行为看似是非理性的，但是从条件反射的观点来看，这样的行为不过是表明了对消退的抵制。
工具性条件反射的原理表明了，改变不期望行为的方法就是改变强化模式。最好的方法就是在期望（替代）行为出现后增加强化。同时，（如果可能）减少不期望行为的任何强化。这样的方法就是朝向更好的适应性和适宜性方向来塑造行为，有时称这种方法为权变管理（ contingency management）。
下面讲述一个来自健康心理学著作的实例。儿童肥胖是造成以后严重健康问题的一个重要威胁因素。肥胖部分是来自久坐的习惯，比如以坐着看电视代替了起身活动，也部分是来自不良的饮食。最近研究表明，强化那些非久坐的活动既能增加那些非久坐行为又能减少久坐行为（ Epstein，Saelens，Myer，&Vito，1997）。同样，强化选择水果蔬菜而非选择快餐的行为就能够增加选择健康食品的行为（Goldfield&Epstein，2002）。
……

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