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想象中国的方法:历史·小说·叙事

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1.王德威作为美国哈佛大学学者,在比较文学和文学批评方面具有较深造诣,特别是在中国现当代小说研究方面富有开创性意义。

2.开篇的《没有晚清,何来“五四”》,曾为中国现代文学研究提供一条新径。


Content Description

《想象中国的方法》是哈佛大学学者王德威颇具代表性和开拓性的二十世纪中国小说论文集。他从狎邪、科幻、公案、谴责、翻译等晚清小说谈起,探讨晚清文学的开创性,提出“没有晚清,何来‘五四’”的著名论断;通过合观鲁迅、沈从文的作品以展现中国写实文学的美学与道德尺度之间的对话,通过《骆驼祥子》颠覆性的闹剧手法来展示“人道主义写实作家”老舍对现实主义的对抗,借此研究现代小说名家与现实主义的关联;同时以张爱玲为引,呈现了女作家以写实为基础却又独创一“鬼蜮世界”的独特想象。二十世纪以来,小说记录并反映着中国现代化进程中的种种现象。小说中的涕泪飘零、嬉笑怒骂,看似与中国命运无甚攸关,却往往反映着中国现代化进程中少为人注意的真切现实。本书将叙事理论与历史议题相连接,希望借此扩展中国现当代文学研究的方法。

Author Description

王德威,生于1954年,台湾大学外文系毕业,美国威斯康辛大学麦迪逊校区比较文学博士。曾在台湾大学、美国哥伦比亚大学等校任职。现为美国哈佛大学学者。著有《现当代文学新论:义理·伦理·地理》《被压抑的现代性:晚清小说新论》《抒情传统与中国现代性:在北大的八堂课》《写实主义小说的虚构:茅盾·老舍·沈从文》《当代小说二十家》等。

Catalogue

新版序

序:小说中国

辑一

被压抑的现代性——没有晚清,何来“五四”?

寓教于恶——三部晚清狎邪小说

贾宝玉坐潜水艇——晚清科幻小说新论

《老残游记》与公案小说

“谴责”以外的喧嚣——试探晚清小说的闹剧意义

“说话”与中国白话小说叙事模式的关系

翻译“现代性”——论晚清小说的翻译

辑二

从“头”谈起——鲁迅、沈从文与砍头

“母亲”,你在何方?——论巴金的一篇奇情小说

荒谬的喜剧?——《骆驼祥子》的颠覆性

做了女人真倒楣?——丁玲的“霞村”经验

半生缘,一世情——张爱玲与海派小说传统

辑三

从老舍到王祯和——现代中国小说的笑谑倾向

女作家的现代“鬼”话——从张爱玲到苏伟贞

原乡神话的追逐者——沈从文、宋泽莱、莫言、李永平

落地的麦子不死——张爱玲的文学影响力与“张派”作家的超越之路

潘金莲、赛金花、尹雪艳——中国小说世界中“祸水”造型的演变

华丽的世纪末——台湾?女作家?边缘诗学

辑四

历史?小说?虚构

现代文学史理论的文、史之争——以近代中国政治小说的研究为例

现代中国小说研究在西方

想象中国的方法——海外学者看现、当代中国小说与电影

世纪末的中文小说——预言四则


Book Abstract

《被压抑的现代性——没有晚清,何来“五四”?》

我所谓的晚清文学,指的是太平天国前后,以至宣统逊位的六十年,而其流风遗俗,时至“五四”,仍体现不已。在这一甲子内,中国文学的创作、出版及阅读蓬勃发展,真是前所未见。而小说一跃而为文类的大宗,更见证了传统文学体制的巨变。但最引人注目的是作者推陈出新、千奇百怪的实验冲动,较诸“五四”,毫不逊色。然而中国文学在这一阶段现代化的成绩,却未尝得到重视。当“五四”“正式”引领我们进入以西方是尚的现代话语范畴,晚清那种新旧杂陈、多声复义的现象,反倒被视为落后了。

晚清文学的发展,当然以百日维新到辛亥革命为高潮。仅以小说为例,保守地估计,出版当在两千种以上。其中至少一半,今已流失。这些作品的题材、形式,无所不包:从侦探小说到科幻奇谭,从艳情纪实到说教文字,从武侠公案到革命演义,在在令人眼花缭乱。它们的作者大胆嘲弄经典著作,刻意谐仿外来文类,笔锋所至,传统规模无不歧义横生,终而摇摇欲坠。以往“五四”典范内的评者论赞晚清文学的成就,均止于“新小说”——梁启超、严复等人所提倡的政治小说。殊不知“新小说”内包含多少旧种子,而千百“非”新小说又有多少诚属空前的创造力。

而从文化生产的角度来看,晚清文人的大举创造或捏造与制造小说的热潮,亦必要引起文学生态的巨变。这是一个华洋夹杂、雅俗不分的时期,而读者不论有心无心,也乐得照单全收。中国现代文学的大规模量贩化、商业化,非自今始。称小说为彼时最重要的公众想象领域,应不为过。借着阅读与写作小说,有限的知识人虚拟家国过去及未来的种种,而非一种版图,放肆个人欲望的多重出口。比起“五四”之后日趋窄化的“感时忧国”正统,晚清毋宁揭示了更复杂的可能。

晚清的最后十年里,至少曾有一百七十余家出版机构此起彼落;照顾的阅读人口,在二百万到四百万之间。而晚清最重要的文类——小说——的发行,多经由四种媒介:报纸、游戏、刊物、杂志与成书。中国最早的报纸《申报》(1872—1949)于1870年,即有名为《瀛寰琐记》的文学专刊出版,发表诗文说部创作或翻译。到了1892年,由韩邦庆(1856—1894;《海上花列传》作者)一手包办的《海上奇书》出版,是为现代小说专业杂志的滥觞。同时,在标榜“游戏”及“清闲”的风月小报上,小说也觅得一席之地。这些刊物可查者仍有32种之多;晚清红极一时的作者如吴趼人(1866—1910)、李伯元(1867—1906),都是由此起家。而在梁启超提倡“新小说”的热潮后,更有30余家小说出版社,以及21种以“小说”为名的期刊出现。其中最著名的,即所谓《新小说》《月月小说》《绣像小说》《小说林》“四大”小说杂志。

晚清也是翻译文学大盛的时代。阿英早已指出晚清的译作不在创作之下;近年学者陈平原就此统计,一八九九至一九一一年间,至少有六百一十五种小说曾经译介至中国。狄更斯、大小仲马、雨果、托尔斯泰等均是读者耳熟能详的名字。至于畅销作家,则有福尔摩斯的创造者柯南道尔、感伤奇情作家哈葛德,以及科幻小说之父凡尔纳名列前茅。

但我们对彼时文人“翻译”的定义,却需稍作厘清:它至少包括意译、重写、删改、合译等方式。学者如史华兹(Schwartz)、夏志清及李欧梵曾各以严复、梁启超及林纾为例,说明晚清译者往往借题发挥,所译作品的意识及感情指向,每与原作大相径庭。不仅此也,由着这些有意或无意的误译或另译,晚清学者已兀自发展出极不同的“现代”视野。以此类推,晚清作者对传统古典的新奇诠释,也是另一种以志逆意的“翻译”。

西洋文学的影响,一向是中国文学现代化的主要关目。此一方面的研究,亦犹待加强。但就在作者、读者热烈接受异国译作,作为一新耳目的蓝本时,传统说部早已产生质变。当《荡寇志》(1853)成为太平天国时期,清廷及太平军文宣战争的焦点时,小说与政治的主从关系,迈入了新的“技术”模式。当《品花宝鉴》以男女易装的观点,混淆异性及同性恋爱的界限时,小说与情色主体的辩证,也变得益发繁复。几乎所有经典说部均在此时遭到谐仿。这也许是作者自甘颓废、惫懒因袭的征兆,但更可能是他们不耐传承藩篱,力图颠覆窠臼的信号。

不仅此也,清末重被发掘的稍早作品,沈复的《浮生六记》及张南庄的《何典》,更具有在文学传统以内另起炉灶的意义。《浮生六记》描摹情性自主的向往、《何典》夸张人间鬼蜮的想象,对二十世纪作家的浪漫或讽刺风格,各有深远影响。《何典》依循以往话本小说生鲜活泼的世俗叙述,并点染极具地域色彩的吴语特征,自然可视为“五四”白话文学的又一先导。凡此皆说明“新小说”兴起前,中国说部的变动已不能等闲视之。西方的冲击并未“开启”中国文学的现代化,而是使其间转折,更为复杂,并因此展开了跨文化、跨语系的对话过程。这一过程才是我们定义“现代性”的重心。

……

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