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Jingdong book

卡夫卡

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Books Biography Writer

Jingdong book

卡夫卡

Name: 卡夫卡
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3107006721
Price: 16.79 USD
Availability: OutOfStock

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Content Description

弗兰茨·卡夫卡现在仍然是我们时代思想和文化领域的核心人物。他通过文学和生活创造的独特世界景观令广大读者和作家流连忘返。他的观点已经成为我们看待自己世界的方式的组成部分。无论我们怎样定义它，这个世界都是“卡夫卡式的”。

Author Description

桑德尔·L.吉尔曼是佐治亚州亚特兰大市艾莫里大学艺术与科学系知名教授。他是文化和文学史学家，著述和编辑70余种，包括《健康与疾病：差异的形象》（1996）和《烟：全球吸烟史》（2004）。

Catalogue

导言
1 家与受诅咒的身体
2 写作
3 病魔缠身
4 死后余生
注释
参考书目与影片集锦

Book Abstract

那是1917年的一个寒冷潮湿的清晨。路人在布拉格市中央看到了一个奇怪的场面。一个年轻人，衣服脱到腰间，站在他公寓的敞开的窗口，做了足足十分钟的健美体操。那个地方当时叫舍伯恩广场。每天晚上7点30分，人们都在那里锻炼身体，重复着同一个动作。以大力士尤金·桑多（EugeneSandow，1867-1925）为代表的体育锻炼之风在公务员弗兰茨·卡夫卡身上得到了体现。锻炼、划船、游泳、骑马，强壮你的身体，改变你自己。即使严冬盛寒也要少穿，这是健美者詹斯·彼得·穆勒的祷文，他公开拒绝使用桑多的（印度）俱乐部和哑铃（全部通过广告售给了热切的年轻人）。另一方面，穆勒销售特制的草鞋和关于性卫生的书籍。但二者都相信身体改造不仅是可能的，而且对于成为现代人是必不可少的。
卡夫卡，这位于20世纪第一个10年中生活在多元文化的布拉格的年轻犹太公民，躲避所有这些设施，但进行强制性的锻炼。他每顿饭都细嚼慢咽。“自然将惩罚那些不咀嚼的人。”赫拉斯·弗莱彻尔（HoraceFletcher，1849-1919）说。把食品咀嚼32遍，你就会有个更健康的身体和更幸福的灵魂。由于不想看着儿子咀嚼的样子，弗兰茨的父亲干脆用报纸把脸藏起来。弗兰茨·卡夫卡在布拉格市中心的一座败落的城堡里锻炼，强制性地咀嚼着他的食品，一心想要控制自己的身体。进行这种强制性咀嚼的并非卡夫卡一人。哲学家和心理学家威廉·詹姆斯，此时已经是哈佛的教授了，也在长期地咀嚼。
卡夫卡身高不到六英尺（1.82米），体重133磅（61公斤），所以母亲总是敦促他“吃，吃，我的儿子”。当时捷克人的平均身高是5.5 到5.6 英尺，而中欧犹太人的平均身高还要更矮些——5英尺。由于极度瘦弱，过分担心自己的健康，卡夫卡并不完全是出于自恋而顾惜自己的身体。桑多，即出生在普鲁士的弗雷德里希·穆勒，有一个当时所有年轻人都向往的身材：1902年他35岁，身高5.9 英尺（1.7 5米），体重202磅（91.6 公斤），胸廓48英寸（121厘米）。1907年弗兰茨·卡夫卡到保险公司（AssicurazioniGeneraliInsuranceCompany）求职而做体检时，威廉·坡洛克医生详细地描述了他的身材：
他身体瘦弱纤细。相对弱一点。但步伐稳健轻松。脖颈圆37厘米。没有甲状腺的迹象。他的声音清纯响亮。看起来比实际年龄年轻。胸部的形状和结构——乳房已经突出出来，锁骨呈鼓槌状，两端凹进。胸部肌肉松软。深吸气时，乳头部胸围是82厘米，呼出时78厘米。胸部两侧均匀但虚弱。休息时每分钟呼吸16次；锻炼时每分钟19次。由于早年患佝偻病，肺部右上叶跳动迟钝。听诊无异常；无杂音。
正如他那了不起的生活一样，这种身体检查的平庸要求在卡夫卡的日记中形变为文学的比喻。在1914年7月的一则日记中，“保兹，进步保险公司总裁”对这位不具名的求职者说：
你个头够高……我看到了；但你能干什么呢？我们的职员可不能仅仅粘邮票啊。……你的头型很特别。前额凹进去了。很典型。……当然了，我们只雇用健康之人。你被录用之前要进行身体检查。现在准备好了吗？真的？当然，那是可能的。大声点儿。你声音那么小让我神经质。……既然你已经来了，就让医生检查一下吧；我的职员可以带你去。可那不意味着你将被录用，即使医生的意见有利于你。……去吧，别再耽误我的时间了。
外部形象标志着求职者的精神健康或疾病，而卡夫卡总是自觉地把自己看做是这种习惯的牺牲品。而非常清楚的是，这个小小寓言的世界不仅仅记录了卡夫卡的经验，而且以某种方式将其变成了关于这种经验的写作，给了卡夫卡能控制看起来不可控制的东西的能力。
先天“有病”需要改造，这在卡夫卡的世界里意味着做犹太人。1912年，卡夫卡最喜欢读的布拉格犹太复国主义报纸《自我防御》（Selbstwehr）载文说：犹太人必须“舒缓在知识名望上的高度紧张，……我们过度的神经质，这是犹太聚居区留下的遗产。……我们用太多的时间争论，而没有足够的时间娱乐和锻炼。……人之所以成为人并不在于他的嘴，而在于他的精神，不在于他的道德，而在于纪律。……我们所需要的是男子气概”。当然，男子气概是健康的。犹太男性的身体在当时被认为是病态的、畸形的、临危的、缺乏男子气概的。实际上，桑多锻炼身体的传统中20世纪20年代由波兰犹太强人紫舍·布雷巴特（zisheBreitbart，1893-1925）继承下来，这位强人当时被誉为“世界上最健壮的人”。他咬断铁链“仿佛那就是松软的椒盐卷饼，把7.5 毫米粗的铁棍拉弯就仿佛那是稻草一般”，一位柏林记者当时这样写道。布雷巴特出现在中欧的犹太人和非犹太人面前，经常光顾柏林、维也纳和布拉格，他的广告强调了他的犹太身份，包括像大卫之星（theStarofDavid）这样的犹太偶像。当他出现在犹太复国主义的旗帜的一侧时，犹太人都称他为“强者萨姆逊”。他甚至在犹太观众面前扮演了巴尔·克赫巴（BarKochba）的角色，即在公元132年到135年间领导犹太人反叛罗马的领袖。卡夫卡长期以来一直想把这位英雄的身体变成自己的，经过改造的犹太英雄。

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Jingdong book

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