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Jingdong book

印度财团的政治影响力研究

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印度财团的政治影响力研究

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本书引入政治市场的分析框架,在大量文献阅读和实地调研的基础上,对印度财团发挥政治影响力的逻辑基础与运行机理进行了深入而系统的剖析,是20世纪七八十年代以来关于此问题的系统、详尽的论著。
Content Description

财团在印度政治经济生活中处于举足轻重的地位,但国内外学界对其政治影响力的系统研究却显得不够。
本书系统梳理了印度财团的发展演变及其与政府的互动关系,归纳总结了影响印度财团政治影响力的主要因素,认为印度财团发挥政治影响力有其必然性,但也受到多种因素制约,给印度社会带来的影响也是多元的。财团通过构建政治经济权势网络、影响政策研制理念和构筑利益聚合体,形成多维度的政治影响力。但政治影响力的大小程度和顺畅与否,则取决于特定时期财团与政府的利益供需关系。
本书最后认为,随着印度政治力量对财团的需求和倚重日益加强,以及财团对舆论认知的影响趋强、日益借助工商界聚合体的大平台,财团政治影响力总体上将保持动态发展、逐渐增强的态势。
Author Description

楼春豪,浙江义乌人。法学博士,中国现代国际关系研究院海洋战略研究所副所长,副研究员,中国南亚学会理事。2006-2013年,在中国现代国际关系研究院南亚东南亚及大洋洲研究所工作,从事印度安全与外交、印度洋安全战略、南亚区域问题等研究。2013年出任海洋战略研究所副所长,从事中国海洋战略、南海问题、印度洋问题等研究。曾在印度和澳大利亚访学,并出访美国、日本、澳大利亚、新加坡、印度、巴基斯坦等国。
近年,除承担国家部委多项研究课题、撰写内部研究报告外,在公开学术研究方面也发表大量研究成果。参与国家社科基金重点项目(子课题负责人)、一般项目、青年项目和西部项目各一项。参与中英文学术著作4本,在国内外核心刊物发表中英文论文十余篇,多篇被《新华文摘》和人大复印资料转载。另在国内报刊发表评论文章百余篇。
Catalogue

导论()
第一节研究对象与研究意义()
第二节国内外研究现状()
第三节研究方法与基本框架()
第四节创新与贡献()
第一章财团政治理论()
第一节利益集团与财团()
第二节政治市场理论()
第三节企业政治策略()
第二章印度财团的发展与演变()
第一节印度财团演变史()
第二节印度财团的主要特点()
第三节财团与政府的关系演变史()
小结()
第三章印度财团政治影响力的系统要素()
第一节政治机制()
第二节财团资源()
第三节传统文化认知()
第四节财团凝聚力()
小结()
第四章政治经济权势网络()
第一节结交政治高层()
第二节参与议会事务()
第三节拉拢行政部门()
第四节介入政治博弈()
小结()
第五章影响政策研制理念()
第一节参与政策咨询委员会()
第二节操纵媒体()
第三节扶持智库()
第四节推广社会责任()
小结()
第六章构筑利益聚合体()
第一节工业和商业联合会()
第二节印度工业联合会()
第三节印度商业和工业协会()
小结()
结论()
第一节逻辑机理:政治市场()
第二节影响评估:利弊共生()
第三节发展前景:动态增强()
参考文献()
后记()
Book Abstract

第一节研究对象与研究意义
印度经济发展的重要推动力是其富有活力的私营经济,而财团则是私营经济的重要组成部分。经过长期的发展演变,印度财团总体上呈不断壮大之势,逐渐成为印度经济体系中最具活力的主体,政治体系中最有权势的利益集团,其领衔的经济权势网络与政治力量主导的政治权势网络,共同构筑了印度的国家权力体系。目前,财团已经成为印度独特发展模式的重要组成部分,在印度政治经济生活中处于举足轻重的地位。与其他国家的财团相比,印度财团既有共性,也有特殊性。虽然各国财团同为经济利益集团,其发展轨迹和运作方式有相似之处,但由于各国国情不同、社情各异,彼此仍有诸多相异之处,印度财团具有不同于美、欧、日财团的独特性。
首先,印度财团植根于自身独特的历史经纬与文化背景。在此仅举两例。如,受延续千年的种姓制度影响,印度的社会架构具有强烈的等级色彩,并折射到包括商业在内的各行各业。由此,印度财团也带有明显的家族种姓背景,是“现代组织模式与家族种姓原始印迹的复杂互动”,Stanley AKochanek,Business and Politics in India,Berkeley:University of California Press,1974,pX而其他国家的财团则不受种姓因素影响。目前,印度社会的种姓色彩虽然已经淡化,但种姓制度的历史惯性依然存在,至今仍无贱民出身的财团领袖。再如,印度财团的诞生、发展与国家历史演变息息相关。英殖民主义者在摧毁印度原有经济结构的同时,也带来了西方资本主义的因子,为财团的诞生提供经济基础;民族独立运动时期,印度财团积极争取经济上的自由与独立,许多财团领袖曾为印度国民大会党(以下简称“国大党”)提供大量活动经费,并与国大党高层保持密切的私人联系;独立建国后,印度经济社会政策的演变,又使得财团与政府的关系处于不断调整、变革之中,但彼此关系始终非常密切。财团领袖与政治领导人关系的密切程度,在其他国家鲜有能及。
其次,印度财团的经济实力雄厚、社会根基深厚,赋予了其超越经济领域的影响力,使之成为印度政治经济体系中不可或缺、甚至是举重轻重的角色。在印度,财团的财富集聚程度、行业垄断性以及与政治力量的联结,与发达国家相比有过之而无不及。《纽约时报》2011年7月26日报道,印度前55名富豪的财富总额高达2500亿美元,约为印度一年国内生产总值(GDP)的1/6,Ruth Fremson,“Billionaires Rise Aids India,and the Favor Is Returned”,New York Times,July 26,2011且涵盖经济领域的方方面面,形成强大的经济网络。20世纪90年代中期,印度仅有2位资产过亿的亿万富翁,总资产32亿美元;到2012年已有46位亿万富豪,总资产1760亿美元。亿万富豪总资产与国内生产总值的比例,由20世纪90年代中期的1%上升到2008年最高值的22%,后因金融危机有所缩水,但2012年仍高达10%。Aditi Gandhi,Michael Walton,“Where Do Indias Billionaires Get Their Wealth?”,Economic & Political Weekly,VolXLVII,No40,October 2012,p10截至2014年9月的福布斯富豪榜上,印度前百名富豪的个人资产均超过10亿美元,总额为33936亿美元,占国内生产总值的比例高达181%。“Indias 100 Richest People”,https://wwwforbescom/indiabillionaires/list/3/#tab:overall(上网时间:2015年5月2日)
第三,伴随着印度国家实力的上升,印度财团加快“走出去”、开拓海外市场,海外市场占财团业务的比重不断提高。尤其是进入21世纪以来,得益于政府政策的支持和自身实力的增长,印度财团频频出手,并购了一些欧美大企业,引起国际社会轰动。例如,塔塔财团于2007年4月收购欧洲第二大钢铁企业、英国最大钢铁制造商科鲁斯(Corus)集团(现已改名为“塔塔钢铁欧洲”),后也于2008年3月收购捷豹和路虎两大汽车品牌。在此过程中,塔塔财团、安巴尼财团等私营大集团的管理模式与经验也引起广泛关注,成为外界观察和理解印度发展模式的重要窗口。
随着印度财团“能见度”的不断提高,国内外学术界也将更多注意力投射到印度财团上,但学术关注度与财团重要程度之间存在明显的匹配失衡。而且,现有的研究也更多地从商业管理角度进行探讨,却未能给予印度财团政治影响力足够重视,导致议题重要性与研究匮乏性之间的失衡。导致这种情况的原因很多,既有西方主导的学术话语体系侧重点上的偏颇,也有财团政治影响力本身的材料隐晦琐碎、评估指标体系难以构建等。
从外因看,西方主导的学术话语体系“重西方而轻其他”。财团及其政治影响力的研究,本质上是关于利益集团的研究,是关于财团与政府博弈关系的研究,是对政治权力与经济权力互动的研究,需要进行跨学科的深入分析。但是,“由于利益集团和政党属于相互分离的次级领域,每个领域都由不同的学术团体研究,只有少数不畏艰苦的人试图把这两个研究对象联系起来,进行跨界研究”。[美]杰弗里·M贝瑞、克莱德·威尔科克斯著,王明进译:《利益集团社会》(第5版),北京:中国人民大学出版社,2012年版,第91页。此外,在这并非很多的研究中,国际学术界又主要聚焦于“西方世界”(如美国、德国),抑或是俄罗斯、日本日本的财团体系在二战后发生了较大变化。二战前的“财阀”(zaibatsu)称谓现在已很少使用,战前的财阀体系已经解散,现在的财团则既包括公益性的组织(类似基金会),也包括营利性的企业集团。本书所指的主要是后者。等财团与政治寡头联系明显的国家,对包括印度在内的广大发展中国家的关注却少之又少,一些相关研究也淹没于宏观的国别研究。美国著名学者彼得·卡岑斯坦(Peter Katzenstein)主编的《权力与财富之间》[美]彼得·J卡岑斯坦著,陈刚译:《权力与财富之间》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版。一书,汇集了国际政治经济学界一流学者对国内力量影响外交政策的研究成果,但研究案例都取自西方发达国家。对于这种现象,美国加利福尼亚大学的斯坦利·A科钦纳克(Stanley AKochanek)教授作为极少数对印度财团有系统研究的学者,曾一针见血地指出:“迄今,大部分关于利益集团的文献都集中于西方发达国家。……发展中国家的政治影响力往往被认为来自家庭和小团体的压力,而非来自特定复杂、结构化的组织的压力,这些组织好比西方现代社会的利益集团。实际上,即使这些组织存在于发展中国家,也往往被忽视……(西方学术界)对商业和商业组织的研究,几乎所有的案例都来自西方,因为大多数传统社会(如印度)被认为缺少本土的商业精英。但早在20世纪初,代表外国和本土商人利益的全国性工商组织就已经在印度存在,印度的工商组织要比其他社会部门更加发达。
……

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