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Jingdong book

美国经济与政府政策：从罗斯福到里根

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Jingdong book

美国经济与政府政策：从罗斯福到里根

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《美国经济与政府政策：从罗斯福到里根》从美国处于国家垄断资本主义阶段这一基本点出发，论述了从罗斯福政府到里根政府的半个世纪中美国经济各方面的发展变化，以及它为什么需要国家干预，政府政策对经济起了什么作用，哪些是好的，哪些是坏的等；由此探索现代资本主义经济中具有规律性的东西，进而加深对美国经济各方面的发展前景及其经验教训的认识。
Author Description

陈宝森，1924年出生于北京，1946年冬毕业于上海圣约翰大学。现为中国社会科学院荣誉学部委员、美国研究所研究员。1946-1949年，作为中共上海地下党员，为阻止国民党抢运物资去台湾和迎接军管，做过有益的工作。1949-1950年，任上海军管会物资接管处副专员。1954～1956年，任财政部华东财政干部学校副教务长；1956-1981年，先后任财政部财政科学研究所副处长，处长，研究室主任，研究员；1981-1992任中国社会科学院美国研究所经济室主任。1984年受美国密歇根大学中国研究所邀请赴美担任高级研究员，研究美国经济和政府政策；1987年在福特基金的资助下赴美调研美国经济周期；此后还多次带领课题组赴美考察。主要社会职务有中国美国经济学会顾问、中国改革开放论坛理事，学术研究专长为美国经济。主要著作
《中国财政》（合著，人民出版社，1982）
《财政学》（合著，中国财政经济出版社，1984）
《美国经济与政府政策——从罗斯福到里根》（专著，世界知识出版社，1988；社会科学文献出版社，2007）
《美国经济周期研究》（主要作者，商务印书馆，1991）
《美国总统与经济智囊》（主要作者，世界知识出版社，1992）
《美国在华跨国公司调查》（内部报告，1992）
《美国制造业复兴的启示》（专著，中国对外翻译出版社，2000）
Comments

美国作为现代资本主义国家的典型性和代表性决定了研究美国经济的重要性，研究它将为我们理解整个西方经济提供一把钥匙。
——陈宝森

这部巨著概括了美国经济发展史上最重要的50年，这50年不仅是美国也是世界经济发生重大转折和变化的时期……为我们研究美国和西方国家经济发展以及政府的经济作用提供了一部最详尽的百科全书。
——摘自《美国研究》徐静之书评
Catalogue

第一编 总论
从罗斯福到里根：50年来美国的经济发展与政策变革
第一章 美国经济半个世纪以来的发展变化
第一节 现代美国经济发展变化的鸟瞰
第二节 美国是现代资本主义国家的典型
第二章 新政和里根经济学及其理论与实践
第一节 新政和凯恩斯主义的产生、发展及其对美国经济的影响
第二节 滞胀的发生和向里根经济学的过渡
第三节 里根经济学的理论准备和政策准备
第四节 里根经济政策及其运行机制

第二编 美国国民经济的宏观调节
第三章 宏观调节是垄断资本高度发展的客观要求
第一节 罗斯福时代——从计划调节到杠杆调节
第二节 从战时统制经济到《1946年就业法案》
第三节 50年代——宏观调节上的折中主义
第四节 肯尼迪、约翰逊时代——夭折了的计划思想
第五节 尼克松的计划冲动和反复
第六节 卡特时期宏观调节的失败和“里根革命”
第四章 美国的联邦财政制度和财政政策
第一节 联邦财政制度
第二节 财政杠杆在宏观调节中的理论与实践
第五章 现代美国的金融体制和金融政策
第一节 现代美国的金融制度
第二节 现代美国金融的宏观调节机制
第三节 联邦金融政策的演变

第三编 美国经济结构的变革和政府政策的影响
第六章 美国的农业和农业政策
第一节 美国农业经济半个世纪以来的发展变化
第二节 美国政府对农业的管理与调节
第七章 美国的采矿业和政府政策
第一节 美国的矿物资源和采矿业
第二节 美国政府的矿业政策和能源政策
第八章 美国的制造业和政府政策
第一节 制造业在国民经济中的地位
第二节 50年来美国制造业的变化
第三节 美国政府对制造业的干预
第九章 美国的交通运输业
第一节 美国交通运输业的现代化
第二节 联邦政府对交通运输业的一般政策
第三节 联邦政府对交通运输业的管理
第四节 关于铁路政策
第五节 联邦汽车运输政策
第六节 联邦资助大众交通系统的复兴
第七节 联邦政府对航空事业的管理与资助
……
第四编 美国的阶级结构、社会矛盾和政府调节
第五编 美国的对外经济关系和政府政策
Book Abstract

传统资产阶级经济学的理论还把经济衰退解释为内在于资本主义经济的自我调节机能。在繁荣时期，价格和工资的上涨使需求超过物资供应增长的速度。衰退导致需求的降低使价格和工资转上正常轨道，恢复物资的供求平衡。
衰退也被认为是货币供求失调时所发生的现象。如果货币供应量不能达到充分就业所要求的水平，就会出现经济活动的暂时停滞，迫使物价下降。但是物价的降低将使一定的货币量升值从而保证生产恢复到充分就业的自然状态。
大危机向资产阶级传统经济学的自我调节理论提出严重挑战。20世纪30年代整个10年平均有18%的劳动力失业，高峰时期达到1/4。直至1936年即大萧条的第七个年头，还有16.9%的劳动力、总计约900万人找不到工作。传统经济学的自我调节理论失灵。自由市场的工资、物价和利率机制能够保证资本主义充分就业的说法在30年代没有经得起实践的检验。
大危机不仅造成经济理论的真空，更实际的问题是它给千百万劳动人民造成了深重的灾难。失业工人和老年人所受打击最为沉重。残酷的现实发人深省——为什么在这种社会制度下会出现一面生产过剩、一面啼饥号寒的矛盾现象。
其实，马克思主义经济学说对周期性经济危机产生的原因及其运行规律已经做了科学解释。它说明，资本主义经济的根本矛盾在于生产的社会性和生产资料的私人占有，产生经济危机的内在机制在于资本主义生产的动机是追求最大限度的利润。以此为目的进行的资本主义再生产也就是资本积累和劳动者贫困化的过程。资本主义经济的内在动力一方面使生产无限扩大，另一方面使广大劳动者的购买力相对缩小，商品的供应和有支付能力的需求失去平衡，从而导致商品价值的实现的困难。在周期的高涨阶段，由于采用新技术、新设备，使资本有机构成提高，工资的增长和利率的上涨导致利润率下降，因而资本家对投资的热情减退；同时，销售困难造成资金周转不灵，企业倒闭，形成连锁反应，于是危机爆发出来。1929～1933年的大危机不仅符合这个一般规律，而且由于垄断资本加剧了分配上的不平等以及当时已经持续很久的农业危机，加上其他国际、国内因素而变得更加深刻。
……

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