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Jingdong book

儿童精神分析

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儿童精神分析

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《儿童精神分析》是一本儿童分析的革命性经典之作。梅兰妮·克莱茵以她所架构的特殊技巧,证实她是儿童精神分析的先驱。她使精神分析得以运用到儿童领域,借此不仅使儿童心理治疗成为可能,并且为儿童的心智发展、成人精神官能症和精神病的起源之理解,开拓了新视野。
为了向这位无与伦比的儿童精神分析大师致敬,“世图心理”将陆续推出《克莱茵全集》全套四本,完整呈现一代大师的工作实务及理论精髓!

Content Description

《儿童精神分析》的第一部分,克莱茵以丰富的临床实务经验,钜细靡遗地描述儿童的精神官能症症状、诱因与對客体的施虐冲动所引发的焦虑和罪恶感。她认为,儿童的游戏、梦、绘画和故事,就像成人的自由联想,都是传达潜意识幻想和焦虑的媒介。通过诠释儿童的潜意识幻想,可以降低、释放儿童的焦虑,減少其內在恐惧,提升身心的健康。克莱茵还详述了早期、潜伏期及青春期儿童的不同特质,进而描绘在各发展阶段分析技巧上的异同。
《儿童精神分析》的第二部分,略述了克莱茵奠基于弗洛伊德之思路,所延展出的理论架构。包括力比多与俄狄浦斯冲突的早期阶段对于超我形成的影响;口腔施虐阶段与肛门施虐阶段如何引发早期焦虑情境、防御机制等。并且对男孩与女孩的性发展,提出全新而复杂的论点。

Author Description

梅兰妮·克莱茵(Melanie Klein,1882—1960),著名精神分析学家,被称为“客体关系之母”,儿童精神分析研究的先驱。在其意义深远而富于开创性的工作中,她打开了理解婴儿最早期的心理历程的途径,这些早期心理历程支配着婴儿的内心活动。她的理论将精神分析关注的重点,从之前的“驱力”转到了“关系”上。她也被誉为继弗洛伊德之后,对精神分析理论发展贡献的领军人物之一。
Catalogue

第一部分 儿童分析技巧
第一章 儿童分析的心理学基础 3
第二章 早期分析技巧 15
第三章 6 岁女孩的强迫式精神官能症 33
第四章 潜伏期儿童的分析技巧 54
第五章 青春期儿童的分析技巧 73
第六章 儿童精神官能症 87
第七章 儿童的性活动 102
第二部分 早期焦虑情境及其对儿童发展的影响
第八章 俄狄浦斯冲突的早期阶段与超我的形成 113
第九章 强迫式精神官能症与超我早期阶段的关系 135
第十章 早期焦虑情境对于自我发展的重要性 160
第十一章 早期焦虑情境对女孩性发展的影响 175
第十二章 早期焦虑情境对于男孩性发展的影响 215
附录一 儿童分析的范围与限度 249
附录二 说 明 254
附录三 参考文献 257
附录四 个案名单 265
附录五 克莱茵生平年表 267

Book Abstract

6岁的厄娜有许多严重症状,晚上无法入睡和她的焦虑有关,特别是害怕晚上遭盗贼偷抢而造成的惧怕。另一个让她整夜难眠的原因,是她那一连串强迫式的行为,包括俯卧在床上,用头撞击枕头,或是仰卧、坐着的时候身体持续地摇摆、强迫式地吸吮手指头和过度自慰。这些导致她整夜难眠的强迫式举动,也会在白天发生。特别是她的自慰,有时她也会在陌生人面前自慰,例如在幼儿园的时候,她常常会有这些举动。她有严重的抑郁症,常常说:“我不喜欢一些有关生命的东西。”她和母亲的关系则过分黏腻,但有时又很敌意。她完全掌控母亲,使她无法自由活动,并持续用她的爱与恨折磨母亲,就像她母亲说的:“她把我吞噬了。”这个孩子可以说无法被管教。过分沉思及早熟的好奇心,很清楚地写在这位小女生脸上的痛苦表情上。除此之外,她给人一种怪异的性早熟印象。在分析中,很快清楚呈现出她的学习严重被抑制。在分析开始的几个月之后,她开始上学,并且立刻呈现她几乎无法学习,也无法和同学相处。她非常有病识感,并要求我帮助她,这对于分析而言是非常重要的。
在游戏开始时,厄娜在小桌子上的玩具中挑出了一辆小马车,并且让小马车跑向我这边,她说它要来捉我。但是她将一个玩具女人放到马车上,然后在这马车又放上一个玩具男人,这两个人在马车上彼此拥吻,并且跳上跳下地驾驶着这辆车。接着,另一个玩具男人驾着另一辆马车撞了上去,碾过他们,并且杀了他们,把他们烤熟,然后吃下肚子。另一次的争斗则有了别的结局,攻击他们的玩具男人被推了下去,但是另一辆马车上的女人却去帮助他,并且安慰他。她和她的前夫离婚了,然后和这个新男人结婚。这个第三个男人在厄娜的游戏中扮演了许多不同的角色。例如,原来那个男人和他的妻子在房间和一个夜贼打斗,第三个男人扮演的角色是小偷,他偷偷跑了进来;房子被焚毁,男人和女人爆炸了,第三个男人则是唯一存活下来的;然后,这第三个男人变成一个来拜访他们的兄弟,但是当他拥抱这个女人的时候,他却咬掉了她的鼻子。这第三个男人其实是厄娜本人,在一系列类似的游戏中,她表示了想要盗取父亲角色的欲望,使她可以和母亲在一起。另一方面,在其他游戏中,她直接显示出俄狄浦斯渴望,并企图赶走母亲、赢得父亲。因此有一次在游戏中,她让一个玩具老师教孩子们拉小提琴,方法是用他的头[1]去撞小提琴,或是倒立着念乐谱,然后厄娜会让这位男老师把书或小提琴扔掉,跟他的女学生一起跳舞,然后两个人彼此拥吻,这时厄娜问我会不会允许老师和学生结婚。有一次,一个老师和一个情妇(用一个玩具男人和玩具女人来代表)在教导孩子们言行举止,教他们如何行礼、有礼貌等。开始时,孩子们都很服从,而且很有礼貌(就像厄娜自己,也会尝试当乖巧的好孩子)。然后,他们会突然攻击这个老师和他的情妇,把他们践踏在脚底,杀了他们、烤了他们,这些孩子现在变成了魔鬼,幸灾乐祸地看着他们的牺牲品承受折磨。但是突然间,老师和他的情妇又都在天堂了,原来的那些恶魔都变成了天使。根据厄娜的说法,这些天使不知道自己曾经是恶魔,实际上“他们从来都没有当过恶魔”。天上的父神,也就是原来的老师,则又开始温柔地亲吻、拥抱这个女人,天使朝拜他们,一切又都完美无缺。当然,这个平衡很快又会被干扰,第一出戏又会开始上演。
厄娜常常扮演母亲,我扮演孩子,这个孩子的滔天大罪之一是吸吮自己的大拇指,而我必须放入口中的第一个对象是一个汽车引擎。她非常喜欢那引擎上的一个镀金灯,她会说:“好可爱呀,火红而燃烧着。”然后,她会很快把它们放进自己嘴里,并吸吮它。这些代表的是母亲的乳房和父亲的阴茎,接续这些游戏的常常是一触即发的愤怒、嫉羡,以及对母亲的攻击,然后是自责并企图安抚母亲。例如,在玩积木时,她会把积木分成两半,她的一半会比我多,然后她又会让自己分少一些来弥补我。但是在游戏结束时,她又会再次拥有更多。她会要求我用我的积木盖一栋建筑,之后她会想尽办法证明她的建筑比我的漂亮许多,然后就会意外地把我的建筑物打倒。有时候,她会让一个玩具男人当裁判,来决定她的房子比我的漂亮,这个游戏的细节(通过谁的房子漂亮这件事)清楚呈现她与母亲的长期竞争。在晚期的分析中,她很直接地呈现出这个竞争。
除了玩这些游戏之外,她会开始玩剪纸,并做成各种形状。在剪纸的时候她告诉我,她在做的是“剁碎的肉”,而且血从纸上流出来,然后她做了一个发抖的姿势,说她觉得想吐。有一次她谈到“眼睛做的色拉”,另一次她说,她正在剪我鼻子里面的“碎毛”,在此,她重复表示了她想要咬掉我鼻子的欲望。她在第一次的治疗中,就表示过这个欲望(事实上,有许多次她尝试让这个欲望实现)。通过这些工具,她也表示她认同这个“第三者”及那个闯进房子、烧毁房子的玩具男人等,也就是那个咬掉女人鼻子的男人。在她的分析中,就像在其他儿童分析中一样,剪纸的意义常常是变化多端的,它是施虐及食人冲动(cannibalistic impulses)的表示。有时也有反动的倾向,因为剪纸也是一种创作或创意的举动,例如,那些非常漂亮的、形状像一张桌巾的剪纸,可能代表的是父母的性器官,或是母亲的身体。在她的幻想中,曾经被她摧毁,现在被她重建。
[1]这个游戏再次清楚地呈现在厄娜的潜意识中,头指的是阴茎。一个玩具男人企图进入一辆汽车,而且将头伸进窗户,这时车子对他说,最好直接进到里面。车子代表的是母亲邀请父亲进来和她交配(参考她用头去撞枕头的强迫式症状)。
……
Introduction

自本书出版后,已经又过了好些年。对于我所叙述的理论,也有了一些不同的心得,特别是有关婴儿第一年的生活。这个新发现使我对于某些主要的假设有了更精细的描绘,我将在此一一提出来。本序的主要目的,是为了让读者对于这些修饰的本质有一些了解,目前我所想到与此有关的假设如下:婴儿在前几个月的生命中会经过一段被害焦虑的阶段,这一阶段与“施虐高峰期”(phase of maximum sadism)有密切关系。小婴儿会因为自己的摧毁冲动,以及对原始客体的幻想而感到罪疚,这一原始客体指的是他的母亲,或者更确切地说,指的是母亲的乳房。而这种罪疚感会使婴儿想要修复与被伤害的客体之间的关系。
在经历尝试填补这一时期的细节时,我发现有些重点以及时间先后顺序的改变是难免的。我区分了婴儿在6个月到8个月生命中的两个主要发展阶段,我称之为“偏执心理位置”(paranoid position)和“抑郁心理位置”(depressive position)。(我命名为“心理位置”,是因为这些现象虽然出现在早期发展阶段,但是它们并不只出现在这些发展阶段。心理位置所代表的,是一些特殊的焦虑与防卫机制。它们在孩子第一年的生命中不断地重复出现。)
在偏执心理位置中,孩子被摧毁冲动和迫害焦虑主导。这一阶段从婴儿出生至大约4个月,甚至5个月大的时候。这个说法使我们不得不改变对于施虐高峰出现期的看法,但是它并未改变施虐特质与迫害焦虑间亲密互动的观点。
抑郁心理位置与自我(ego)的发展息息相关,大概在孩子1岁的时候完成。在这个阶段,施虐冲动、幻想及迫害焦虑的威力较低,婴儿将一个完整的客体内射(introject)进去,同时也能够统整客体的不同面向,以及自己因它所产生的情绪。在他的心智中,爱与恨同时存在,这使孩子有了焦虑——害怕他的内在与外在客体被伤害或被摧毁。抑郁和罪疚感使婴儿想保留或使爱的客体再生,并修复之前摧毁冲动和幻想所导致的结果。
抑郁心理位置的概念不只表示早期发展阶段日期的变更,也帮助我们了解小小婴儿的情绪生活,同时大大地影响我们对于整个儿童发展的了解。
这一概念也帮助我们重新思考俄狄浦斯情结(Oedipus complex)的早期发展阶段。我仍然相信,俄狄浦斯情结大约在6个月左右即已开始,但是由于我不再相信施虐特质在此时达到了顶峰,因此我将重点放在婴儿与父母的情绪关系以及性关系的开始点。虽然在一些地方(见第八章),我认为俄狄浦斯情结在施虐特质及恨的主导下开始。但是,我现在认为俄狄浦斯情结始于当婴儿转向第二个客体(父亲),并对他又爱又恨的时候。(在第九、十和十二章中,我从其他角度重新思考了这个问题,当时的看法比较接近我目前的看法。)我认为,抑郁的感觉来自害怕失去所爱的母亲,作为内在与外在客体,母亲是早期俄狄浦斯欲望的重要诱因。如此,我将俄狄浦斯情结的早期阶段与抑郁心理位置进行了联结。
根据我过去十六年的工作经验,我很想重新修饰本书所提的一些概念,但这些修饰并不会改变本书中所涵盖的主要论点,因为本书基本上与我现在对于儿童分析的看法类似。有关我的理论的最新发展,基本上来自以下假设:(一)内射(introjection)与投射(projection)的过程从出生即开始运作;(二)超我(super ego)在各方面的发展,来自生命成长过程中不断内化进去的客体;(三)婴儿早期与内、外在客体的互动,严重地影响超我的发展与客体关系;(四)俄狄浦斯情结在很早即已开始;(五)精神病式的婴儿焦虑是精神病症(psychosis)的发源地。此外,有关我在1922年和1923年所发展出来的游戏技巧(play technique),以及本书所谈到的游戏技巧的主要特质,仍保留其原来的描述。在我未来的工作中,我只是更详细地描绘这些技巧,但并未改变其基本要素。
梅兰妮?克莱茵
1948年5月,伦敦

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    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Yami

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About the brand

Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book