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自体的重建

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在《自体的重建》一书中,海因茨·科胡特勾勒出来自体心理学的大纲。他用这种新的理论来解释一些症状。
在《自体的重建》中,包含了很多颇具挑战性的想法和观点,挑战了经典的精神分析理论,撼动了经典精神分析和自我心理学的根基。
因为《自体的重建》的出版,科胡特和其弟子们还受到了不少来自业界的攻击。现在,自体心理学已经发展成为独立的学派,而且在中国大陆,也有不少心理学专家和学者在研究和探索自体心理学。

Content Description

自恋,在科胡特的用语中,不是贬抑的字眼。自恋在发展上来说,不只是为了通往客体爱而必须克服的暂时阶段,它有朝向成熟的单独发展,与客体爱的发展并肩前进且彼此纠缠。如今科胡特勾勒出自体心理学的大纲。他以这个新的心理学理论来解释症状与症候群。他把自体摆在人格的最中心,检视它在健康与疾病中的起源、成分与发展,并引以为跳板,来讨论自恋型人格疾患的精神分析的治愈与结案阶段的概念。
海因茨·科胡特以丰富的临床资料细心地支撑其综合论述,因而在解释传统既定的理论所无法充分解释的临床观察方面,他不惜与传统决裂。
《自体的重建》这本书。包含了很多具挑战性的想法。自体心理学与冲突理论的关系究竟如何?与自我心理学呢?与俄狄浦斯情结呢?精确地说,什么才是心理健康?分析师如何知道,何时他的病人已经被“治愈”了?这些只是作者所回应的问题中之一部分。

Author Description

海因茨·科胡特(Heinz Kohut,1913—1981),自体心理学创始人,前美国精神分析协会的会长、前国际精神分析协会的副会长、前西格蒙德?弗洛伊德档案馆副馆长以及奥地利科学院成员。曾获得奥地利政府颁发的荣誉十字勋章。他坚持认为心理缺陷而非冲突是许多人患病的原因,是从20世纪70年代以来对传统美国自我心理学的主要挑战者。

Catalogue

丛书序
推荐者序
致谢
前言
第一章 自恋型人格分析的结案
第二章 情神分析需要自体心理学吗?
第三章 对于分析中证据本质的省思
第四章 双极的自体
第五章 俄狄浦斯情结与自体心理学
第六章 自体心理学与精神分析情境
第七章 后记
案例索引
参考文献
出版后记

Introduction

《自体的重建》是自体心理学创始人科胡特确立自体心理学思想的著作,也是公开宣布自体心理学派成立的著作。

1971年,科胡特的《自体的分析》出版,以及同年他被查出患上淋巴癌后,就开始过着近似隐居的生活。但隐居的生活并非是无所事事的休养,他除了接受治疗还继续临床精神分析工作,同时建立了自己的自体心理学研究团队,并一起研讨自体障碍治疗模型的发展。这些临床和研讨经验最后成就了《自体的重建》的出版。

《自体的重建》,除了展示科胡特试图所描述的自体心理学如何进行精神分析与心理治疗,同时也在某种程度上反映了科胡特本人思想的成熟。

经常有人询问,自体心理学的自体究竟是什么?

因为我们中文是鲜有使用“自体”(slef)这个词汇的。联系到实处,即我们当下时刻的自身,“自体”(self)的概念,即我们当下感受到的主体感受。它可能因为已经清晰了这个概念而成为坚实自信的,也可能是因为还无法理解这个概念而感受到一丝虚弱,这些都是很明白的自体感。所以自体,更直接地说,即我们当下所感受到的自己主体感受的种种,以及在过去到现在时间连续感中的自我感。

科胡特对“self”的定义是很宽广的,包括英语有关self的所有内涵,即自我、自身、自己、自我意识、本质、自性、我们的、自花授粉(植物学词汇)、自我繁殖等等意思。所以“self”在科胡特的语境中是很广义的,而不是特指某物。科胡特所定义的自体结构中,自恋是作为能量充溢其中。迈克·巴史克将此解释成自体胜任感,这也十分类似心理学中的自我价值感。

相对于自体概念,科胡特进一步描述了自体客体移情的概念,以取代之前他所谓的自恋移情概念,自体客体是相对自体与客体间的融合的经验,是一种主体被客体以一种全然方式所共情和理解的精神经验。

而自体客体移情,科胡特在本书中将之分为双极自体相关的自体客体,即与理想化父母影像相关的理想化自体客体移情、与夸大自体相关的镜映移情及三种分支:镜映、密友、融合自体客体移情。

同时围绕自体客体移情,科胡特继续重申自体心理学中最容易被忽视的恰好的挫折和转变性内化的部分,即无论何种自体客体移情,分析师与来访者工作关系中,其相关的一端是与同频共情相关的自体客体移情的自体美好经验,但在另一端则隐藏着恰好的挫折可能随时激活的来访者过去的创伤点,当这些点被渐渐激活之后,来访者可能表现出对分析师不理解自己等等的愤怒,而分析师经由与来访者回溯的过程来修复来访者的自体客体移情中,因恰好的挫折所产生的愤怒,并重新恢复到良好的自体客体关系。这样的来回摆荡过程,使得转变的内化作用得以产生,来访者的自体渐渐获得对外的社会适应结构,但同时也能够适切地保持与生命活力相关的自恋,而成熟的自恋即得以发展。

科胡特在本书中,还发展了传统的经典精神分析十分敏感的俄狄浦斯的问题,他勇敢地重新解释,俄狄浦斯的困扰是来自父母对孩子的自体的共情失败的次发结果,而不是原发的。这一新的视角极大地扩大了自体心理学的治疗疆域,但也撼动了那个时代的经典精神分析和自我心理学的根基。而这部作品中,最重要的观点是科胡特站在传统经典精神分析的立场之外,阐述了自体心理学与经典精神分析并存的目标。这一系列观点极大触碰了令许多当时的经典精神分析师敏感且不快的地方。所以当《自体的重建》出版之后,当时的芝加哥精神分析学会吊销了科胡特督导及训练分析师的资格,仅保留了他作为一般精神分析师的资格,不少非学术性探讨的攻击和传言也随之而来。但当时,以科胡特为首的自体心理学家和对自体心理学工作有好感的精神分析师等,已经开始召开全球性的自体心理学年会,以便更广泛的研究交流。科胡特在《自体的重建》中提出的“自恋现在合法了”这一重视人类主体的人文主义理念,也被当时社会所接受,在People Magazine、New York Tines Sunday Magazine等杂志都介绍和刊登了科胡特的相关介绍,使他获得了很高的社会认同。在那个时期,罗杰斯团队的人本心理治疗也在蓬勃发展。这也反映出那个时代正在发生的对人性理念的变革。

延续《自体的重建》的思考,科胡特在1979年又发表了《Z先生的两次分析》的著名自传记性论文,以及在1984年他去世后出版的《精神分析治愈之道》(科胡特逝世于1981年)。这奠定了当代自体心理学的深厚基础。科胡特在《自体的重建》最后一页所提出的愿望,即未来的精神分析师可以扩展、修正、接受甚至拒绝他的观点,而就共情这一基石继续发展精神分析的学术和临床领域,一反传统精神分析保守和排他的状态,凸显了科胡特的豁达、开明和科胡特之后自体心理学的健康发展。如今,自体心理学已经有自己区别于世界精神分析学会(IPA)之外的全球自体心理学会,并且有每年的年会。而自体心理学家也在科胡特逝世后,如科胡特所希望的发展出各自独立的观点,如Wolf、Stolorow和Atwood,他们中有倾向于科胡特经典观点但又有发展的经典自体心理学,有以科胡特思想为启发而发展的主体间精神分析,以及与罗杰斯等人本主义阵营靠近的自体心理学家,出现了一个百花齐发的自体心理学的新局面。科胡特提出生命的弧度,即以自我抱负为动力,发挥才智与技能,以理想为目标的发展,正在和继续鼓舞着他的学生和我们这些后辈对生命和学术发展的自信和能力。

《自体的重建》从1978年出版第一版以来,至今已经有34年,可以看到这本书的魅力过了三十多年没有丝毫减少,它所构成的思想冲击继续从美国波及中国精神分析界和心理咨询、心理治疗界。中国大陆许多读者对科胡特著作简体中文版的出版已翘首以待多年。当我在中国各地进行关于自体心理学的教学时,经常有学员询问这本书是否在中国大陆出版了。而如今,正值中国的龙年,此书终于出版,这是十分吉祥且影响深远的事儿。

徐钧

著名自体心理学家

译者序

自体心理学经过这三十年来的努力(从科胡特1971年《自体的分析》出版算起),逐渐在精神分析的知识圈中占有一席之地;而神入、自体客体与转变内化作用等术语,也逐渐在分析界的文献讨论中,常被提及或比对。然而,关于这些术语的起源、演变,以及在自体心理学治疗实务中的运用,最好还是透过科胡特本人的文章,才能避免一些常见的窄化或曲解。再者,中文的心理世界到目前为止,尚未出现对科胡特理论的完整介绍。所以本书及另外两本科胡特著作(《自体的分析》《精神分析治愈之道》)的出现,应该可以稍解其中的缺憾。

科胡特眼中的自体病理,在今天这种价值多变的、自恋的与边缘的时代中,确实充斥于整个社会环境中。举例而言,他对各种自体病理状态的描述,包括性变态、空虚匮乏抑郁的情绪、各种表面上性欲化而实际上是自体刺激的冒险活动、疑病的倾向,都有他独到的理论论述。而更重要的是,透过这些理解与掌握,让处于杂乱的、碎裂的、分歧的自体客体环境中的我们,可以逐渐促进治疗室之内与外自体的整合。或者,以自体的角度来看,可以有一个比较明确的方向,有一个比较长期的发展观点,用来观察一个人的人格成熟与整合度。这种从自体着眼的观点,确实可以作为治疗者内省与神入之时的指引。

而自体心理学理论相较于客体关系理论,虽然比较明晰与概略化(此处不拟多加说明);但要真正深度地了解、运用,以及内化于治疗者的心智之中,却需要颇长时间的精练。自体心理学所强调的神入,使它着重于治疗师与来访者间关系的建立,也让它的理论始终保持一种较容易亲近的“神入感”;这是它的长处,但同时也是它的短处;神入与同理心、同情、爱等概念容易混淆,也同样容易发生于自体心理学的初学者。而且,因为这样的长处所招致的诸多误解批评,认为它缺乏了深度心理学所必需的深度与广度,也轻忽了潜意识的领域与诠释的重要性。不管这些争论有无最终的答案,我以为,深度心理学的精神,必然包含了对神入的理解与掌握;而要真正掌握自体心理学的微言大义,就还是回避不了对科胡特原典的阅读。如此不管是为了汲取科胡特的体验智慧,抑或是更清楚地辨明理论观点间的差异,都可以是一种阅读的方式。

“自体客体的需求,是一个人从出生到死亡的生命过程中都必定需要的。”这是科胡特著名的一段论述。如今这本书中文版的出版,如果也能成为本地治疗师可得的、易于接近的、可提供某些功能的自体客体,那么本书的目的就达成了。

许豪冲谨识


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欣叶 御大福 芋头麻薯 180g

周销量 600+

$1.66 $1.99 83折

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