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Jingdong book

中国公共卫生：方法卷

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Books Medical Science Preventive Medicine
Jingdong book

中国公共卫生：方法卷

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《中国公共卫生：方法卷》中较详细地介绍了不同领域方法学在公共卫生中的应用，其中流行病学与生物统计学是公共卫生之基础，其重要性毋庸赘言。疾病监测和信息系统是公共卫生的主链及载体，在现代疾病预防控制中，无论如何强调监测都不会过分，而疾病和健康信息是作出合理公共卫生决策的基础。
Catalogue

第一章 流行病学与公共卫生
第一节 流行病学基本原理
第二节 流行病学方法进展
第三节 流行病学方法应用实例

第二章 流行病学常用的测量指标
第一节 测量指标的分类
第二节 测量疾病频率的指标
第三节 测量暴露与疾病之间联系的指标
第四节 效用指标

第三章 社会学研究方法在公共卫生中的应用
第一节 社会学研究方法概述
第二节 社会调查研究的基本步骤
第三节 定量研究
第四节 定性研究
第五节 实验研究
第六节 评价
第七节 社会学研究方法比较

第四章 公共卫生监测和国家卫生信息系统
第一节 公共卫生监测的起源和发展
第二节 公共卫生监测的基本环节
第三节 公共卫生监测的新进展
第四节 几种重要的监测系统
第五节 建立、运行和评价监测系统
第六节 强化国家卫生信息系统的建设

第五章 死因推断
第一节 背景
第二节 死因推断量表
第三节 根据死因推断量表推断死因
第四节 死因推断量表的效度研究
第五节 死因推断量表效度与死因构成
第六节 死因推断量表的运用

第六章 风险评估
第一节 风险评估在风险分析框架中的地位
第二节 风险评估的基本内容
第三节 风险评估的应用

第七章 健康教育与健康促进方法与应用
第一节 健康传播策略与方法
第二节 健康心理学方法
第三节 健康教育与健康促进的计划、实施与评价
第四节 社会动员
第五节 健康教育与健康促进方法在公共卫生中的应用
第六节 健康教育和健康促进方法在不同人群与场所中的应用
第七节 健康教育与健康促进方法在行为与生活方式干预中的应用
第八节 国外健康教育与健康促进案例
第九节 中国健康教育与健康促进的发展

第八章 卫生经济学在公共卫生中的应用
第一节 卫生经济学发展简史
第二节 卫生经济学基本理论和方法
第三节 卫生经济研究分析框架
第四节 卫生经济学在公共卫生中的应用

第九章 公共卫生项目管理
第一节 项目管理概述
第二节 项目需求论证
第三节 卫生项目的准备与设计
第四节 卫生项目的实施与监督
第五节 公共卫生项目的评估

第十章 基因组学与公共卫生
第一节 基因组学概述
第二节 人类疾病的基因组学研究
第三节 后基因组时代的系统生物学
第四节 基因组学的关联分析与人类复杂疾病
第五节 表观遗传学与肿瘤
第六节 基因组在临床实践及疾病预防中的应用评估
第七节 公共卫生基因检测中的问题
索引
Book Abstract

由于描述性研究设计无需设立对照，尤其是生态学研究在收集吸烟与肺癌的资料时不是以个体为观察、分析的单位，而是以群体为单位，显示的是在群体水平上吸烟与肺癌之间的关系，因此无法建立二者之间的一一对应关系。而且，生态学研究提供的信息是不完全的，例如，吸烟情况是以烟草消耗量作为测量指标的，而该指标又是以烟类的税收数据表示的。因此，生态学研究提供的是吸烟与肺癌关系的一种粗线条的线索，变量之间的联系被削弱了。此外，由于生态学研究主要显示的是吸烟资料与肺癌资料之间的相关性，几乎不可能将其中潜在的混杂因素的影响分离出来，使研究结果与真实情况不符。这就是生态学谬误，因此其所提供的病因线索尚需进一步的分析性研究加以验证。
（二）分析性研究
Doll与Hill应用分析性流行病学研究方法探讨了吸烟与肺癌的关系，他们于l948年和1951年分别开始了病例对照研究和队列研究，采用严格的设计、设立对照组、进行长期细致的随访，以阐明吸烟与肺癌的相关性，为癌症等慢性非传染性疾病的病因研究提供了一个范例。
1.病例一对照研究
Doll与Hill严格按照病例对照研究的设计要求，选择诊断明确且有代表性的肺癌病人为病例组，并设立相应的对照组，采用同样的方法回顾调查两组有无吸烟行为、吸烟量，数据经过统计学处理，以探索肺癌可能的病因。
Doll与Hill指出，病例可以是预定地区中某段时间的现患肺癌病人，也可在医院中选择某段时间的全部肺癌病人；对照可以与病例来源于同一所医院，但不能将病因可能相同的其他疾病患者选作对照。他们选择了1948——1952年在伦敦20家医院确诊的肺癌患者，以及其他城市的一部分肺癌患者；按照1：1配对原则，选择了胃癌、肠癌等患者以及普通医院内的非癌症患者作为对照，要求对照的年龄与病例相近，且性别、职业、经济状况、社会阶层等一般社会人口统计学特征与病例一致或相似。经检验，病例组和对照组在年龄、社会阶层、居住地区等方面均衡可比（表1—8）。
（1）确定暴露因素，拟定调查用表在Doll与Hill的研究中，暴露因素是吸烟。由于吸烟的习惯是可以改变的，为使研究结果可靠，他们充分考虑了暴露因素（吸烟）的测量，在拟定的调查表中包括了询问调查对象是否吸过烟，开始吸烟的年龄，每日平均吸烟量，最大吸烟量，吸卷烟还是吸烟斗，或雪茄或两者均吸，是否戒烟，戒烟年龄和年限等。
（2）分析结果Doll与Hill应用配对资料分析方法，整理病例和对照的吸烟习惯数据，检验两组差别有无统计学显著性意义。
1）吸烟与肺癌的关系 649例男性和60例女性肺癌患者中不吸烟者的比例分别为0.3％和31.7％，均显著高于对照组（P<0.05），提示吸烟可能与肺癌有关（表1—9）。
……

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