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空间数据分析理论与实践

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空间数据分析理论与实践

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《空间数据分析理论与实践》对空间数据分析领域进行了广泛的论述。《空间数据分析理论与实践》综述了空间数据分析和位置(地点、背景和空间)在科学以及决策相关研究方面的重要性。涵盖了人们所关注的最新的探索性空间数据分析和空间建模方法,以及如何表达在地理空间中的属性的基本问题。引领读者进入支撑空间数据分析的关键领域,为读者了解和领会这个领域的诸多关键问题提供了一个平台。此书部分内容适合大学本科生和硕士研究生,还包含了让从事空间分析领域研究的地理、社会、经济、环境和统计等学科的科学工作者感兴趣的、具有足够挑战性的内容。
Catalogue

前言
致谢
版权说明
引言
0.1 关于本书
0.2 什么是空间数据分析?
0.3 本书的写作动机
0.4 本书的组织结构
0.5 空间数据矩阵

第一部分 空间数据分析的背景
第1章 空间数据分析:科学和决策背景
1.1 科学领域的空间数据分析
1.1.1 科学解释领域中地点、背景和空间的一般性问题
1.1.2 空间过程
1.2 科学解释特定领域中的地点和空间
1.2.1 空间分支科学的定义
1.2.2 举例:选择的研究领域
1.2.3 问题求解中的空间数据分析
1.3 决策领域的空间数据分析
1.4 空间数据分析中产生的问题举例
1.4.1 描述和地图解释
1.4.2 信息冗余
1.4.3 建模
1.5 小结

第2章 空间数据的性质
2.1 空间数据矩阵:概念化和表达问题
2.1.1 地理空间:对象、空间域和地理几何表达
2.1.2 地理空间:属性值的空间相关性
2.1.3 变量
2.1.4 样本还是样本总体?
2.2 空间数据矩阵:它的形式
2.3 空间数据矩阵:它的质量
2.3.1 模型质量
2.3.2 数据质量
2.4 空间相关性的量化
2.5 小结

第二部分 空间数据:数据获取及质量问题
第3章 通过采样获取空间数据
3.1 空间数据源
3.2 空间采样
3.2.1 空间采样的目的和方法
3.2.2 基于模型和设计的空间采样方法
3.2.3 采样方案
3.2.4 选择采样方法的问题
3.3 模拟制图

第4章 数据质量:对空间数据分析的影响
4.1 数据和空间数据分析中的误差
4.1.1 测量误差模型
4.1.2 粗差
4.1.3 误差传播
4.2 数据分辨率与空间数据分析
4.2.1 变量的精度和显著性检验
4.2.2 支持改变问题
4.2.3 使用聚合数据分析关系
4.3 数据一致性和空间数据分析
4.4 数据完整性与空间数据分析
4.4.1 缺失数据问题
4.4.2 空间插值和空间预测
4.4.3 边界、权重矩阵和数据完整性
4.5 小结

第三部分 探索性空间数据分析
第5章 探索性空间数据分析:概念模型
5.1 探索性数据分析和探索性空间数据分析
5.2 空间变化的概念模型

第6章 探索性空间数据分析:可视化方法
6.1 数据可视化和探索性数据分析
6.1.1 数据可视化:方法和任务
6.1.2 数据可视化:通过计算机的发展
6.1.3 数据可视化:选择的技术
6.2 空间数据可视化
6.2.1 聚合数据的数据准备问题:变量值
6.2.2 聚合数据的数据准备问题:空间框架
6.2.3 空间可视化的特殊问题
6.3 数据可视化和探索性空间数据分析
6.3.1 空间数据可视化:为单变量数据选择的技术
6.3.2 空间数据可视化:为双变量或多变量选择的技术
6.3.3 谢菲尔德地区乳腺癌筛查数据的摄取
6.4 小结

第7章 探索性空间数据分析:数值方法
7.1 平滑方法
7.1.1 图形绘图的约束平滑
7.1.2 空间相关性的约束描述
7.1.3 地图平滑
7.2 全局地图特性的探索性识别:整体聚类
7.2.1 区域数据的聚类
7.2.2 标记点模式的聚类
7.3 局部地图特性的探索性识别
7.3.1 聚类探测
7.3.2 焦点检验
7.4 地图比较

第四部分 假设检验和空间自相关
第8章 存在空间相关性的假设检验
8.1 空间自相关和空间数据集均值检验
8.2 空间自相关和二元关联检验
8.2.1 皮尔森积矩相关系数
8.2.2 列联表的卡方检验

第五部分 空间数据建模
第9章 空间数据统计分析模型
9.1 描述性模型
9.1.1 大尺度空间变化模型
9.1.2 小尺度空间变化模型
9.1.3 空间变化的多尺度数据模型
9.1.4 层次贝叶斯模型
9.2 解释性模型
9.2.1 连续取值响应变量模型:正态回归模型
9.2.2 离散取值区域数据模型:广义线性模型
9.2.3 层次模型

第10章 空间变化统计建模:描述性建模
10.1 表达空间变化的模型
10.1.1 连续取值变量模型
10.1.2 离散取值变量模型
10.2 空间变化建模中若干一般性问题
10.3 层次贝叶斯模型

第11章 空间变化统计模型:解释性建模
11.1 空间数据建模的方法
11.1.1 经典方法
11.1.2 计量经济学方法
11.1.3 数据驱动方法
11.2 空间数据线性建模的一些应用
11.2.1 地区收入收敛检验
11.2.2 二元响应模型
11.2.3 多级模型建模
11.2.4 谢菲尔德入室盗窃的贝叶斯建模
11.2.5 被开除学生的贝叶斯建模
11.3 小结

附录Ⅰ 软件
附录Ⅱ 剑桥郡肺癌数据
附录Ⅲ 谢菲尔德盗窃数据
附录Ⅳ 谢菲尔德被开除的学生数据
参考文献
Book Abstract

资源的战略和战术部署之间的差别对方法论具有重要性。战术部署通常集中在非常窄的和特定的一组目标方面。也许包括处理在一个城市的某个区域突发的街头抢劫,或在健康部门的一个特定的区域的突发的疾病传播,或非正常发生事故的区域识别。战术响应形成的基本数据集通常是短时间周期的。或许需要快速地采集数据并伴随相关的数据处理,或许是“热点”分析,以支持正在发生并在竞争需求之间优先的一些非正常发生的事件(Craglia等,2000)。
在疾病背景中,“由发现针对疾病的报告明显超过一个地方发起的聚类调查,经常被公众关注所需求,但很难以解释……在产生没有批准的公众关注和尽早识别真实的健康危险之间需要选择一个平衡”(Wilkinson,1998,第185页)。在健康的背景中,争议也许在一个聚类是否是统计显著的以及它是否真的表明了某种实质的显著性,需要进行特殊调查或干预,特别是当多数事例很小,没有原因能被确定的时候。在这种情况下,可能并不清楚应当采取什么行动。Wilkinson采取了这样的观点,利用地理“监视”技术,基于GIS系统来计算疾病率和应用统计检验来寻找聚类,但“对它们输出结果的解释……需要专家判断,还得相当谨慎”(第186页)。
资源的战略部署基于长期的数据序列和已经被认可的分析结果,若不是,那么至少在诸如与社会经济和环境属性、犯罪、疾病或不健康之间具有强烈关联。健康和警务情形的战略部署可能与任务的(重新)定位有关,这个任务是一个与优先事项有关系的,当前的表现水平被认为是与欠佳的事项相关的任务。从这一点来看,或许后续的实现决策会导致战略资源目标定位的新的地理格局,这或许需要区分是由于成分影响的空间变化元素,还是由于区域层面的背景影响的元素。Achson(1998)的《不平等健康调查》中的评论是,“在英国不平等健康的证据……作为对政府的健康战略发展的贡献,确实可能减少这些不平等的政策发展的区域”(第xi页)。其建议之一是“数据审查需要用于监测在健康方面的不平等性和他们在国家和地方水平上的决策”(第120页)。新近完善的ESRC健康变化项目重点是理解在英国健康变化的不同方面,包括地理变化和地点的重要性(ESRC,2001)。
Introduction

《空间数据分析:理论与实践》(Spatial Data Analysis:Theory and Practice)对空间数据分析领域进行了广泛的论述。该书综述了空间数据分析和位置(地点、背景和空间)在科学以及决策相关研究方面的重要性。涵盖了人们所关注的最新的探索性空间数据分析和空间建模方法,以及如何表达在地理空间中的属性的基本问题。引领读者进入支撑空间数据分析的关键领域,为读者了解和领会这个领域的诸多关键问题提供了一个平台。此书部分内容适合大学本科生和硕士研究生,还包含了让从事空间分析领域研究的地理、社会、经济、环境和统计等学科的科学工作者感兴趣的、具有足够挑战性的内容。
罗伯特·海宁(Robert Haining)是剑桥大学人文地理学教授。他在空间数据分析领域著述广泛,尤其是在经济地理学、医学地理学和犯罪地理学领域的应用方面。他之前的著作《社会和环境科学中的空间数据分析》(Spatial Data Analysis in the Social and Environmental Science)(剑桥大学出版社,1993)得到了好评,并广为引用。

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