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Jingdong book

软件质量管理与认证方法

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软件质量管理与认证方法

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《软件质量管理与认证方法》是一本系统介绍质量管理与质量认证方法与技术的市级精品建设教材。《软件质量管理与认证方法》是依据多年的教学经验,同时,结合了国家质量专业技术考试与质量管理认证的实施方案的相关内容编写的。全书共分6章,第1章概论;第2章统计度量与控制基础;第3章质量控制图与应用;第4章常用质量诊断工具与软件项目度量;第5章六西格玛管理与实施案例分析;第6章CMMI软件能力成熟度模型。围绕质量管理与质量认证,《软件质量管理与认证方法》诠释相关的基本原理、统计控制技术以及质量管理能力提升的实施方案,具有很强的逻辑性和系统性。特别是,《软件质量管理与认证方法》列举了大量的图表和练习,使原本抽象的质量控制知识不再晦涩难懂,必将对全面有效地掌握内容具有十分重要意义。
《软件质量管理与认证方法》既可作为我国高校质量管理与质量评价课程的教材,也可供广大从事质量管理工作的人员阅读参考。
Catalogue

第1章 概论
1.1 质量管理的发展与著名质量管理大师的主要贡献
1.1.1 质量管理的发展
1.1.2 著名质量管理大师的主要贡献
1.2 质量以及质量管理的成本效益分析
1.2.1 质量概述
1.2.2 质量管理的成本效益分析
1.3 质量的评价标准与评价体系
1.3.1 ISO 9000标准族
1.3.2 CMM/CMMI标准
1.3.3 六西格玛——质量管理业务流程优化方法
1.4 质量管理与统计控制技术应用
练习题

第2章 统计度量与控制基础
2.1 相关统计基础知识
2.1.1 统计控制过程中的信息收集与信息反馈
2.1.2 数据分布
2.1.3 基本指标
2.2 中心极限定理以及在质量管理中的应用
2.3 过程变异与稳定性
2.3.1 过程变异(波动)
2.3.2 过程稳定性与过程改进43 2.4 过程能力以及度量指标
练习题

第3章 质量控制图与应用
3.1 控制图概述
3.1.1 控制图的基本结构
3.1.2 计量值与计数值的控制图
3.1.3 绘制控制图的一般步骤
3.2 常用计量值控制图
3.2.2 -S控制图(组内数目大小n应大于10)
3.2.3 XmR控制图
3.3 常用计件型控制图
3.3.1 不合格品数的控制图(Pn图)
3.3.2 P控制图
3.3.3 C控制图
3.3.4 U控制图
3.4 不同分组的重要意义与应用
练习题

第4章 常用质量诊断工具与软件项目度量
4.1 常用质量分析工具图
4.1.1 流程图
4.1.2 检查表
4.1.3 直方图
4.1.4 散点图
4.1.5 因果图
4.1.6 帕累托分析图(排列图)
4.1.7 箱线图
4.2 软件项目配置管理与质量度量
4.2.1 软件项目管理风险
4.2.2 软件过程管理与CMM的提出
4.2.3 软件配置与版本管理
4.2.4 软件质量工程
4.2.5 软件质量的度量
4.2.6 版本管理软件VSS和统计分析软件包Minitab
练习题

第5章 六西格玛管理与实施案例分析
5.1 六西格玛(6σ)概述
5.1.1 六西格玛的发展
5.1.2 六西格玛的统计含义
5.1.3 六西格玛的管理含义
5.2 六西格玛管理的组织结构
5.2.1 六西格玛的组织构架
5.2.2 部门与成员的选择标准
5.3 DMAIC模型
5.3.1 DMAIC过程活动
5.3.2 主要工具和指标
5.4 六西格玛实施案例介绍
5.4.1 定义阶段
5.4.2 度量阶段
5.4.3 分析阶段
5.4.4 改进阶段
5.4.5 控制阶段
5.5 六西格玛与其他质量管理体系
练习题

第6章 CMMI软件能力成熟度模型
6.1 CMM与CMMI概述
6.1.1 CMMI的应用
6.1.2 CMM等级概述
6.1.3 CMMI的两种表示方法
6.2 CMM的基本内容
6.2.1 CMM的专业术语
6.2.2 不成熟与成熟软件组织的特征
6.2.3 软件过程的可视性
6.2.4 CMM的体系结构
6.2.5 CMM的内部结构
6.2.6 如何运用CMM
6.3 CMMI的基本内容
6.3.1 CMMI内部结构
6.3.2 公共目标与共性实践
6.3.3 关键过程域举例
6.3.4 剪裁和CMMI评估
6.3.5 CMMI实施案例说明
6.4 Infosys公司实施软件过程改进介绍
6.4.1 建议书和合同
6.4.2 需求管理
6.4.3 组织过程定义
6.4.4 工作量估计和进度安排
6.4.5 计划阶段
6.4.6 设计和执行阶段
6.4.7 终止阶段
练习题

附录A VSS简介247
附录B Minitab简介260
附录C CMMI-SE/SW/IPPD/SS模型概览——阶段式表示法
参考文献
Introduction

这是一本关于质量控制技术与质量管理水平改进方法的教科书。该书已经多年服务于本科生、研究生的相关课程,并进行了检验和逐步的改进。本书的宗旨并不仅仅在于讲述产品质量和改进的概念,也不在于介绍常用工具软件,本书主要目标是帮助读者理解和掌握质量管理和改进的核心技术与方法,即质量控制技术与改进流程,并且将其系统化,以便满足实际工作和适应未来发展的需要,获得质量管理竞争能力。
现代技术的进步和用户业务的发展不断对质量管理提出了各种各样的新要求,这些要求打破了原有的质量管理格局,为质量管理理论、方法、工具、规则不断地注入新的内容。时空不再是人们交流的障碍,这些新元素数量和种类之多、涉及的领域之广,以至于出现了下面这样一种情形:一方面,提供质量管理的灵丹妙药琳琅满目,用日新月异来形容一点也不过分;另一方面,实施中无从下手,不知所措。面对质量管理相关的诸多元素,如全球化新经济环境、质量文化、统计质量控制工具、软件能力成熟度集成模型CMMI(CapabilityMaturityModelIntegration)、六西格玛、IS09000,人们会反思,什么是保证产品质量的主线?什么是质量管理的低标准?什么属于不经济的“过度管理”?什么是逐渐改进和认证的路线图?什么是关键的管理技术、方法、模板、工具?为此,我们必须引入一个关键的问题,即“统计控制技术”。
我们知道,“所有的过程均存在变异,无论随机变量服从何种分布,甚至是来自未知概率分布,可以是离散分布,也可以是连续分布,只要独立同分布随机变量的个数n较大,那么,随机变量的均值集合得到的新的分布均应该近似为正态分布”,上述“中心极限定理”构成了质量控制的重要理论基础。统计质量控制(StatisticalQualityControl,SQC)阶段的主要特点是不再对产品逐个检验,而是将数理统计方法与质量管理相结合,引进了工序控制、预防控制以及事后检验相结合的管理方式。著名的质量管理大师休哈特(Shewhart)从产品的变异或波动的角度,对抽样结果进行研究,提出了统计过程控制(SPC)理论并在1924年首创了过程控制的工具——控制图,使之成为减少变异进行质量改进的主要手段。20世纪70年代,整个国际市场竞争的焦点已从原来的价格竞争转向质量竞争,又延伸到售后服务质量竞争。美、英、日等首先对上述质量管理发展态势及其出现的新概念、新技术和新方法进行科学的总结和提炼,把原来单纯采用数理统计技术的质量控制演变成为以工程技术为先导,以设计质量控制、满足客户需求为目标,综合采用技术、组织和管理等方面措施与方法。换句话说,按照系统工程方式,实现产品的高质量、高可靠性和企业高效益的工程技术,并命名为“质量工程”。20世纪70年代后期,日本经济开始振兴,产品因质量好、价格低而大举进入美欧市场,受到美欧企业的强烈抵制,质量竞争空前激烈,其中,田口玄一提出的三次设计(系统设计、参数设计和容错设计),将产品误差模拟成波动和稳定性的指标,进行统计分析,提出“质量工程学”。事实上,工程控制技术是质量管理与控制的核心技术和重要内容,也是质量度量、评价、控制的基础以及本教程的主要内容。
国务院颁布的《质量振兴纲要》中指出“质量问题是经济发展中的一个战略问题。质量水平的高低是一个国家经济、科技、教育和管理水平的综合反映,已成为影响国民经济和对外贸易发展的重要因素之一。”所以,“在有条件的大专院校设立质量管理课程,培养从事质量工作的人才……”已得到重视。目前,在我国高校已设置了本科“质量管理与工程”专业,研究生“质量工程”以及博士“质量工程与评价”研究方向。本教材的编写也正是为适应相关教学的需要,集合一批志同道合的从事质量管理的教学和科研工作的同志,为上述人才的培养尽微薄之力,
真正的质量管理创新是会带来资源利用效率的提高或产品质量的控制与提升,从而创造价值。为了阅读、理会并掌握质量管理这部历史长卷中的精髓,我们在本书的主线、编排上进行组织,并根据学生学习的情况进行调整,在以下几个方面做出了努力。
1.以中心极限定理为切入点,帮助读者提炼质量控制的基本原理
在编写过程中,既要阐述过去、现在的情况,又要点出将来的发展,尽可能采用质量实践中有代表性并和未来发展接轨的知识,使教材具有一定的持续性。不仅如此,我们通过挖掘其中的“核心技术”,透过质量管理的创新史,抽丝剥茧,揭示其内在规律。在教材中,我们对“中心极限定理与控制理论”、“质量管理分级评价与CMMI、六西格玛”、“CMMI、六西格玛与定量分析和控制”等内容特别强调,希望同学们关注,这些内容对深入了解质量管理知识和管理创新具有十分重要的价值。
2.以质量评价标准为落脚点,帮助读者将各种错综复杂问题放在质量管理总体
框架中分析
质量管理到底是什么?管理与控制的关系是什么?质量认证(如IS09000、CMMI等)与改进体系(如六西格玛)的关系是什么?它们是在什么背景下发展的?在它们背后隐含着什么样的人类历史、社会变迁的道理?在成千上万的质量管理创新尝试中,为什么偏偏这些创新能够生存发展,而其他的却渐渐消失?为此,我们在书中几乎每一章均安排了关于“联系”的思考题,把看似枯燥的内容变活,以巩固我们的整体知识,便于借助质量管理知识创造价值。

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