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树之礼赞:信息可视化方法与案例解析

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《树之礼赞:信息可视化方法与案例解析》共11章,首先对树状图的发展情况进行了概述,随后分别对11种树状图模型的发展和应用情况进行了介绍。其中第1章介绍直观树状图,第2章介绍纵向树状图,第3章介绍介绍横向树状图,第4章介绍多向树状图,第5章介绍径向树状图,第6章介绍双曲线树状图,第7章介绍矩形树状图,第8章介绍泰森多边形树状图,第9章介绍圆形树状图,第10章介绍旭日形树状图,第11章介绍冰柱形树状图。
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推荐序
前言
致谢
本书简介
重要历史人物时间轴
第1章
直观树状图 1
第2章
纵向树状图 25
第3章
横向树状图 43
第4章
多向树状图 57
第5章
径向树状图 69
第6章
双曲线树状图 81
第7章
矩形树状图 91
第8章
泰森多边形树状图 105
第9章
圆形树状图 117
第10章
旭日形树状图 125
第11章
冰柱形树状图 137
Introduction

Preface我在写作《视觉繁美:信息可视化方法与案例解析》(下称《视觉繁美》)这本书的时候,就希望有一本关于树木的书籍可供我参考。收集《视觉繁美》资料的时候,我深入研究了多种树状图、表和绘图,尤其是欧洲中世纪时期的树木绘图和3000年前亚述人关于树木的石刻,于是便深深地迷上了树木绘图。树木是最为普遍和生动的视觉形象之一,然而,我颇费了一番功夫,却没能找到一本全面介绍树木形象的书籍。这促使我着手创作一部关于树木的书籍,从视觉形象的角度,深入观察人类发展的文化历程。
信息可视化作为一个显著的研究领域,不是一成不变的,它植根于绘图学,深受手绘稿的启发,可追溯到中世纪的视觉诠释模式。近年来,信息可视化融合了19世纪兴起的统计思想和20世纪发展起来的计算机和互联网技术。近期,随着人们对这一领域兴趣的增加,信息可视化也趋向于发展成为一门崭新的学科,以便迎合21世纪的发展需求。但是,和其他任何一门学科一样,可视化也是经过了长期的发展才建立起来的,在这个过程中,很多努力和事件的证据都已遗失不见,或是尘封在了不为人知的历史角落。正因为如此,我们才更应谨记,可视化的发展是一个长期的过程,不要被过去10年的发展成果蒙蔽了双眼。心理学家迈克尔·弗兰德利( Michael Friendly)睿智地指出,“在可视化的研究领域,必然有很多崭新的发现,但是,如果你不了解它过去的发展历史,就无法辨识新旧。”
有关这一领域的大部分书籍,最早只能追溯到18世纪中叶,以约瑟夫·普利斯特里(Joseph Priestley)(1733年—1804年)和威廉·普莱费尔(William Playfair)(1759年—1823年)的作品为例,并指出其他一些对该领域做出重大贡献的历史人物,例如查尔斯·约瑟夫·米纳瑞特(Charles Joseph Minaret)(1781年—1870年)、约翰·斯诺(John Snow)(1813年—1858年)和费洛伦斯·南丁格尔(Florence Nightingale)(1820年—1910年),并认为他们是现代信息可视化发展的先驱人物。这些人的作品对当代信息可视化实践的发展起着至关重要的作用,但是,如果我们就此认为在他们之前,信息可视化只是一张白纸,那就大错特错了。我们需要扪心自问,像塞维利亚的伊西多尔(Isidore of Serville)(约560年—636年)、圣奥梅的兰伯特(Lambert of Saint-Omer)(约1061年— 1125年)、费奥雷的乔基姆(Joachim of Fiore)(约1135年—1202年)、拉曼·鲁尔(Ramon Llull)(约1232年—1315年)、哈特曼·舍德尔(Hartmann Schedel)(1440年—1514年)和阿塔纳修斯·基歇尔( Athanasius Kircher)(1601年—1680年),我们难道要对他们的巨作视若不见吗?要知道,尽管约瑟夫·普利斯特里创制编写了其著名的传记年鉴,但是上述人物早在先于约瑟夫·普利斯特里的几个世纪以前,就已经开始积极探索通过视觉形象来描述复杂的问题了。通过本书的很多实例,我们不难看出,这些可视化的先驱们在其作品中都以树木做比喻,折射出了先人的困惑、动机和努力方向,这些因素也同样存在于当代可视化实践中。他们当时所面临的挑战与我们目前所面临的挑战并无二致,他们所奋斗的目标同样是我们的目标,即阐释教育,促进理解,深入探究,并最终化无形为有形。因此,本书另一个重要的目的就是要梳理出信息可视化长达千年的发展历史。
本书也相当于是《视觉繁美》一书的扩展介绍。在《视觉繁美》的第1章中,我把树木这一比喻作为当代网络可视化的原型进行了简单介绍。而在本书中,我则以树木为中心主题进行阐述,整体介绍历史上树木的原型结构和层级结构,以及一些当代结构的表现形式。本书为《视觉繁美》一书提供了有理有据的背景介绍,同时还提供了一些网络可视化的最新示例。
尽管在解决当今网络社会中的一些挑战时,树状结构的一些普遍特性(如层级性、中心性和不变性)有时会不尽如人意,但是树木的形象依然无处不在,这体现了人类观察世界的习惯性组织原则。总之,就使用的普遍度来说,它们没有丝毫衰减的迹象。本书第1章介绍了树木作为展现信息的比喻形象已经具有了长达千年的发展历史。更为重要的是,树木的绘图不仅生动形象,具有典型性,还发展出了多种多样的全新变形模式,近几十年内出现了很多变形模式,其未来的发展也不可限量,本书会就此进行详细介绍。
本书共11章,展示了多种展现层级结构的视觉方法和技巧。第1章(也是最长的一章)主要介绍最原始的树状图,这种树状图在外形上与自然树木极为相似,有时甚至还会加以润饰。后面的10章大致可分为两部分,第2章~第6章为第一部分,包含了早期的图表形式和抽象的树状图,其中包括几种节点链接图表。在节点链接图表中,特定的节点、实体或者“树叶”会借助于不同级别的节点、边界或者“枝条”连接在一起。第7章~第11章为第二部分,主要探讨当代和近期比较常用的一些树状结构表现方法,介绍了多种空间填充技术,以及借助多边区域和嵌套来表示不同层级的邻接图。
每章的内容都按照时间顺序进行介绍,依次勾画出每种图表的历史发展轨迹。尽管书中所关注的焦点是最为重要的事例,但是不可否认,还有很多事例是本书不曾挖掘到的,它们的出现甚至比每章所能追溯到的源头还要久远。还有一些或新或旧的例子,尽管我付出了努力和尝试,却依然无从考究,因而不能拿来详细说明。我希望本书所提及的分类方法以后可以继续发展下去,书中缺失的节点可以被渐渐填充完整,又或者随着新分类方法的出现而发展壮大。当然,最重要的还是希望读者在阅读本书的时候可以获得身心的愉悦,一如我在考察信息的视觉展现形式和层级结构的原型时,人类的非凡创造力所带给我的欣喜和满足。
曼纽尔·利马于纽约2013年6月Acknowledgement致谢本书的写作是一项繁重的工作,幸有多方友人和机构的帮助才得以完成。首先,我要感谢为本书提供图片信息的作者和机构,其中有些人甚至不惜花费几个小时的时间专门为本书更新旧代码,重组图表。如果没有你们的帮助和投入,本书就不会得以出版。其次,我要感谢一个为我提供了很大帮助但却鲜为人知的信息资源:一系列新的Web服务和技术,借助于这些服务和技术,众多具有求知精神的作者和研究者才能把他们的调研成果转换成重要史料。万维网上众多网站和博客目前已为我们提供了海量的信息,除此之外,一些知名机构,例如大英博物馆(the British Museum)、法国国家图书馆( the National Library of France)、西班牙国家图书馆(the National Library of Spain)、美国国会图书馆(the Library of Congress)和美国大都会艺术博物馆(the Metropolitan Museum of Art)等,这些机构现已在互联网上免费向公众提供大量的数字化信息,而且这些信息还在不断更新扩展中,这些信息资源也为我提供了极大的帮助。此外,其他一些在线服务,尤其是社会化书签系统和信息共享网站,例如 Delicious、Pinterest、lnstapaper和印象笔记(Evernote),极大地简化了研究者的工作,使研究变得更加有趣。由于Web服务瞬息万变的本质,上述很多网站在未来几年内可能会淡出人们的视野,尽管如此,在线社交经验策划的理念却不会朝存夕亡,作为处理我们身边日益增长的数据信息的一个重要方式,这一理念在未来几年内都不会湮灭。我还要感谢普林斯顿建筑出版社的萨拉·巴德(Sara Bader)和萨拉·斯特曼(Sara Stemen),感谢她们对我写作本书的支持和对书稿的耐心审阅。另外,我还要感谢本·施耐德曼(Ben Shneiderman)、圣地亚哥·奥尔蒂斯(Santiago Ortiz)和达尔文·亚马莫托(Darwin Yamamoto)给予我的相关信息回馈。最后,我最需要感谢的是我的妻子琼娜(Joana),以及我的家人和朋友,感谢他们给予我的鼎力支持与信任。
知识的分布并不是几条直线相汇于一隅,相交于一点, 而如树之枝桠,始发于一茎,初为一体,同生同长,而后分而离之,为枝为桠。
—弗朗西斯·培根世上所有的新知识都不过是你所不知道的历史而已。
—哈里 S. 杜鲁门

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