语音学教程（第七版 影印本）

Peter版的《语音学教程》在美国的大学课堂上广为使用，它或许并不是你平时语音课上使用的教材，但很快你就会发现它是你的老师曾经阅读和学习的挚爱。

《语音学教程》经过反复修订，凝聚了作者毕生的研究和教学心得，已成为语音学经典教材。不同于其他语音学教材，它省去了很多概念的理论探讨，列举了大量的发音实例和三维语图，强调了发音的“动态”过程，非常适合初学者学习。
第七版由著名语音学主笔修订，保留了前版的框架，但每一章节的内容都有不同程度的更新。尤其值得一提的是“要点重述（Recap）”，它并非简单的内容总结，而是对全章内容的综述和理论观照，有助于有兴趣的读者发掘有价值的课题，开展深入的语音学研究。
另外，第七版还搭建了一个网络资源平台，为纸质教材配备了互动式材料，读者可以通过X光透视视频观察发音的姿态，可以对照声谱图听音频体会发音的细节差异，还可以在线完成语音练习和测验。

彼得·赖福吉（Peter Ladefoged）教授，国际著名的语音学家，美国加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校终身教授，曾任美国语言学会会长、国际语音学会会长。

Contents
Preface xi

Part I Introductory Concepts 1

Chapter 1
Articulation and Acoustics 2
Speech Production 2
Sound Waves 6
Places of Articulatory Gestures 10
The Oro-Nasal Process 15
Manners of Articulation 15
Stop 15
Fricative 17
Approximant 17
Lateral (Approximant) 17
Additional Consonantal Gestures 18
The Acoustics of Consonants 19
The Articulation of Vowel Sounds 20
The Sounds of Vowels 23
Suprasegmentals 24
Recap 26
Exercises 27

Chapter 2
Phonology and Phonetic Transcription 35
The Transcription of Consonants 37
The Transcription of Vowels 41
Consonant and Vowel Charts 45
Phonology 47
Recap 51
Exercises 52
Performance Exercises 56

PART II ENGLISH PHONETICS?59

Chapter 3
The Consonants of English 60
Stop Consonants 61
Fricatives 69
Affricates 71
Nasals 71
Approximants 72
Overlapping Gestures 73
English Consonant Allophones 76
Diacritics 80
Recap 81
Exercises 81
Performance Exercises 86

Chapter 4
English Vowels 89
Transcription and Phonetic Dictionaries 89
Vowel Quality 91
The Auditory Vowel Space 93
American and British Vowels 95
Diphthongs 97
Rhotic Vowels 99
Lexical Sets 101
Unstressed Syllables 104
Tense and Lax Vowels 105
English Vowel Allophones 107
Recap 109
Exercises 110
Performance Exercises 113

Chapter 5
English Words and Sentences 115
Words in Connected Speech 115
Stress 119
Degrees of Stress 121
Sentence Rhythm 124
Intonation 126
Target Tones 134
Recap 138
Exercises 139
Performance Exercises 142

Part III GENERAL PHONETICS?143

Chapter 6
Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types 144
Airstream Mechanisms 144
States of the Glottis 156
Voice Onset Time 159
Summary of Actions of the Glottis 164
Recap 165
Exercises 166
Performance Exercises 168

Chapter 7
Consonantal Gestures 173
Articulatory Targets 173
Types of Articulatory Gestures 183
Stops 183
Nasals 184
Fricatives 185
Trills, Taps, and Flaps 186
Laterals 189
Summary of Manners of Articulation 191
Recap 192
Exercises 192
Performance Exercises 194

Chapter 8
Acoustic Phonetics 197
Source/Filter Theory 197
Tube Models 200
Perturbation Theory 202
Acoustic Analysis 203
Acoustics of Consonants 208
Interpreting Spectrograms 213
Individual Differences 221
Recap 224
Exercises 225

Chapter 9
Vowels and Vowel-Like Articulations 227
Cardinal Vowels 227
Secondary Cardinal Vowels 232
Vowels in Other Accents of English 234
Vowels in Other Languages 236
Advanced Tongue Root 238
Rhotacized Vowels 239
Nasalization 241
Summary of Vowel Quality 242
Semivowels 242
Secondary Articulatory Gestures 244
Recap 246
Exercises 247
Performance Exercises 249

Chapter 10
Syllables and Suprasegmental Features 253
Syllables 253
Stress 259
Length 260
Timing 261
Intonation and Tone 264
Stress, Tone, and Pitch Accent Languages 270
Recap 271
Exercises 272
Performance Exercises 274

Chapter 11
Linguistic Phonetics 277
Phonetics of the Community and of the Individual 277
The International Phonetic Alphabet 278
Feature Hierarchy 282
A Problem with Linguistic Explanations 287
Controlling Articulatory Movements 289
Memory for Speech 291
The Balance Between Phonetic Forces 294
Recap 296
Performance Exercises 296


Appendix A: Additional Material for Transcription 303
Appendix B: Guidelines for Contributors to the Journal of the International
Phonetic Association 305
Notes 307
Glossary 313
Further Reading 321
Index 325