美国学生权威历史教材：美国历史（英汉对照 经典珍藏版 学生版）

QUESTIONS AND TOPICS CHAPTER 19 192-194.-a. Describe the method of electing President employed at first. b. Describe Washington's journey to New York and the inaugural ceremonies, and compare them with the inauguration of the last President. 195, 196.-a. In whose hands do appointments to federal offices lie· b. What was the great difference mentioned in 1967 Why was the difference so great· 197, 198.-a. Why was Washington "stiff and aristocratic" · b. Would Washington have accepted the title of king· Give the reasons for your answer. 199-202.-a. Give the reasons for the different views expressed in Congress as to customs duties. What are customs duties· b. Explain how slavery influenced the views of the Southern members. e. Compare the extent and population of the United States in 1791 with the extent and population to-day. d. What two new states were admitted in 1791-927 What was their attitude on slavery· What changes would their admission make in Congress· 203, 204.--a. Explain carefully Hamilton's plan. What were its advantages·What is meant by the phrase "public credit" · b. What is meant by the phrase "assumption of the state debts" · 205, 206.-a. What question arose concerning the site of the national eapital·How was it settled· Was this a good way to settle important questions· b. Why did Hamilton want a Bank of the United States· Was this bank like one of the national banks of to-day· CHAPTER 20 207, 208.-a. Compare carefully the principles of the Federalists and the Republicans. Which party would you have joined had you lived then· Why· Which ideas prevail to-day· b. Discuss Jefferson's views as to the value of newspapers. 209-212.-a. Why did the Republicans sympathize with the French Revolution· b. How was the action of the Republicans regarded by Washington· By Hamikon· c. Why did Washington issue the Proclamation of Neutrality· 213.-a. What is the difference between a tax laid by a tariff on imported goods and an internal revenue tax· b. How was the rebellion suppressed· Compare this with Shays's Rebellion. 214-216.-a. State the reasons for the trouble with Great Britain. How was the matter settled· b. Explain the trouble over the traffic on the Mississippi. c. How was this matter settled·

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这本小书要以简洁明了的风格讲述美国的成立与发展。对祖国历史的学习是件严肃的事情，作者、老师、学生都要严肃对待，甚至可以说其重要程度要超过对语言和算术的学习。因此，笔者从来没有想过要把这本教科书打造成故事书。这就是纯粹的教科书，也应该被当成教科书使用，学生要刻苦地学，老师要认真细致地教。

本书的多数读者将不会再有机会学习祖国的建立和历史。作者最希望看到的就是读者能够花时间学习真正的美国历史，而不是死记硬背通常没有太多价值也没有可靠根据的事件。为此，笔者大胆地略去了许多大家认为会使历史书增色并激发读者“对历史的热爱”的传统事件，因为它们激发的通常是对娱乐的爱。比如，通常讲述约翰．史密斯船长的冒险经历及印第安人习俗的篇章本书则代之以宪法的形成以及反对奴隶制的蔓延。此外，1760年之前的史料不详，无法做到简练、精确地描述“殖民生活”，因此必须略去此处。关于这一类的历史事件及内容，学生们可以很容易地通过希金森的《写给年轻人的历史》、艾格利斯通的《美国及其人民》、麦克马斯特的《学校历史》等书籍获得。本书在旁注里把这些书及另外一些参考资料都列了出来，并附带给出了更容易找到的仅供例证的参考资料出处。

许多学校都开两学年的美国历史课，这是惯例，并且会把第一学年全部分配给1760年以前的时期，这种安排很不恰当。首先，殖民时期被过度强调；其次，许多学生不再返学，也就没机会再学后面的部分了；第三，这一部分的学习往往会造成学生无法全面地认识美国的发展；最后，第二学年的课程多用于独立战争及南北战争的教学。更好的教学方案应该是第一学年就通读全书，辅以平行阅读，第二学年复习并重点关注宪法制定、各殖民地的独立之战、南北战争等重要章节。第二学年也可重点学习1790年之后的工业史以及政府的组建。笔者热切希望教师仅把前面有关早期历史的章节当作引言。

在语法学校有多年历史教学经验的安妮．布里斯．查普曼很热心地提出厂一些建设性的意见，并且为教师们提了很棒的建议，这些都被附录在本书相应的章节中。笔者也提出了一些意见和建议，并且完善了查普曼的部分建议，这其中值得称道的地方都要归功于查普曼。同时要感谢比尤拉．玛丽．迪克斯女士对本书语言及格式体例提出的建议。笔者恳请读者，尤其是教师，对本书提出批评及建议，并欢迎指正。